IMPERIAL PRACTICES OF NATION BUILDING UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE 19th AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS DURING WORLD WAR I: UKRAINIAN CONTEXT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.28.287543Abstract
The aim of the research. The purpose of the article is to study the influence of the practices of the Austrian / Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires, their “official” nationalisms during the 19th century and World War I on the processes of nation-building of the peoples oppressed by them, the formation of the Ukrainian national project. The research methodology, in addition to general scientific principles and methods, is primarily based on the approaches of modern national studies, intellectual history, and visual anthropology. The scientific novelty consists in the systematic analysis of the influence of the imperial situation of the 19th century, which was associated with national movements and nation-building of the so-called “oppressed peoples”, as well as “official” nationalisms, on the formation of the Ukrainian national project, which had different development trajectories under the conditions of two monarchies . It is argued that the situation provoked by World War I did not deepen the gap between the Ukrainians of the two empires, but contributed to the achievement of an understanding of their unity outside the imperial contexts. At the same time, the peculiarities of the formation of “official” nationalisms, which could not offer convincing options that would become an alternative to the nationalisms of the “outskirts”, have been considered. The challenges faced by intellectuals in search of their own identity have been analyzed. The content of propaganda products with a national subtext, as well as the role of famous artists in the formation of the image of the enemy during World War I have been elucidated. The Conclusion. Since the Ukrainians were subjects of the Romanov and Habsburg empires, they became a special object of attention and, accordingly, propaganda. In the Russian Empire, the formation of the foundations of “official nationalism” was influenced by the ideas of Pan-Slavism. The conditions of World WarI intensified the struggle of the two imperial centers for the preservation of Ukrainian loyalty, which had positive consequences for the development of the Ukrainian national movement and nation-building, and led to the emergence of Ukrainian states. Despite the short duration of their existence in the interwar period, they had far-reaching political consequences.
Key words: empires, nations, nation-building, Pan-Slavism, World War I, propaganda
References
Anderson, B. (2001). Uiavleni spilnoty. Mirkuvannia shchodo pokhodzhennia y poshyrennia natsionalizmu [Imaqined communites. Considerations regarding the origin and spread of nationalism]. Kyiv: Krytyka. [in Ukrainian]
Haliv, M. (2018). The national policies of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires in Volhynia and Galicia (at the beginning of the ХХth century): a comparative analysis. Skhidnoievropeiskyi Istorychnyi Visnyk [East European Historical Bulletin], 7, 65–74. doi: 10.24919/2519-058x.7.13121. [in English]
Hobsbaum, E. (2010). Natsii i natsionalizm, pochynaiuchy z 1780 roku: prohrama, mify, realnist [Nations and nationalism since 1780: program, myths, reality] / Per. z anhl. ta prymitky T. Korpala. Kyiv: Ukrainskyi Tsentr dukhovnoi kultury. [in Ukrainian].
Hrytsak, Ya. (2019). Narys istorii Ukrainy. Formuvannia modernoi natsii ХІХ–ХХ stolittia [Essay on the history Ukraine. Formationof a moder nationin the 19th and 20thcenturies]. Kyiv:Yakaboo. [in Ukrainian].
Izvestiya i zametki. (1915). Izvestiya i zametki po Kharkovskoy eparkhii [News and notes on the Kharkov diocese]. Vera i Razum – Faith and Reason, (8), Otd. 2, 2. [in Russian]
Kappeler, A. (2005). Rosiia yak polietnichna imperiia: vynyknennia, istoriia, rozpad [Russia as a multi-ethnis empire: emerqence, history, disinteqration]. (Pereklad z nimetskoi). Lviv : UKU. [in Ukrainian]
Kappeler, A. (2022). Vid krainy kozakiv do krainy selian. Ukraina na vydnokoli Zakhodu u XVI – XIX st. [From the country Cossacks to the country of the peasants. Ukraine on the horizon of the West in the 17th–19th centuries]. (Pereklad z nimetskoi). Lviv : Litopys. [in Ukrainian]
Kozlovetsʹ, M. & Fedorenko, V. (2012). Natsionalʹne amovyznachennya ukrayinsʹkoho narodu: istorychna retrospektyva i suchasni realiyi [National self-determination of the Ukrainian people: historical retrospective and modern realities]. Ukrayinsʹka polonistyka – Ukrainian Polonistica, (7), 3–19. [in Ukrainian]
Kryzhanivska, M. (2019). U Lvovi pokazaly plakaty dvokh voien, sered yakykh ye roboty Malevycha i Maiakovskoho[Posters of two poems were shown in Lviv, amond which there are works by Malevich and Mayakovsky]. Zaxid.net. 10 veresnya. URL: https://zaxid.net/u_lvovi_pokazali_plakati_dvoh_svitovih_voyen_sered_yakih_ye_roboti_malevicha_i_mayakovskogo_n1488840. [in Ukrainian]
Kutsyk, R. (2022). Visualization of the Events of the First World War in the Press: Based on the Materials of the Kyiv Newspapers (1914 – 1917). Storinky istorii: zbirnyk naukovykh prats – Pages of history: collection of scientific works (5), 88-110. doi: 10.20535/2307-5244.55.2022.269762.
Levandovskyi, V. (1996). Ukraina v heopolitychnykh kontseptsiiakh pershoi tretyny ХХ stolittia [Ukrainein geopolitical concepts of the first trind of the 20th century]. Ukrainska derzhavnist u ХХ stolitti (istoryko-politychnyi analiz) [Ukrainian statehood in the twentieth century (historical and political analysis)]. Kyiv. Politychna dumka. URL: http://litopys.org.ua/ukrxx/r07.htm [in Ukrainian]
Lubochnaya propaganda. (2014). Lubochnaya propaganda: mif vyshel v tirazh: grafika [Lubok propaganda: the myth is out of circulation: qraphics] URL: https://issuu.com/potanin/docs/voina_grafika_2015. [in Russian]
Lysyi, Yu. (2019). Viiskovi plakaty 1914 – 1920 rokiv [Military posters of 1914 – 1920]. URL: https://peraspera.video.blog/2019/12/26.[in Ukrainian].
Magcosi, R. & Pop, I. (2005). “Austro-Slavism”. Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture. Toronto: “University of Toronto Press”. [in English]
Makovskyi, V. (1935). Hmind. Tabir ukrainskykh zbihtsiv i vyhnantsiv u chasy svitovoi viiny 1914 – 1918 rr. [Hmind. The camp of Ukrainian fuqitives and exiles durinq World War 1914 – 1918]. Spohady speredy 20-ty rokiv – Memories from the front of the 1920s, (p. 231). Lviv: Vydavnycha spilka “Dilo”. [in Ukrainian].
Mikhalchuk, A. (2015). Mayakovskiy i Malevich na sluzhbe imperatoru Nikolayu “Krovavomu” [Mayakovsky and Milevich in the service of Emperor Nicholas “Bloody”]. URL: https://mihalchuk-1974.livejournal.com/229239.html. [in Russian]
Mosiienko, O. (2014). Propahanda v umovakh Pershoi svitovoi viiny (analiz periodychnykh vydan Volyni) [Propaganda under the conditions of World War I (analysis of Volyn periodicals)]. Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka. Istoriia – Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, (3), 29–32. [in Ukrainian]
Mosiienko, O. V. (2019). Rosiiska ta Avstro-Uhorska propahanda na pivdenno-Zakhidnomu fronti v 1914 – 1917 rr. [Russian and Austro-Hunqarian propaganda on the South-Western Front in 1914 – 1917]. (Extended abstract of Candidate`s thesis). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
Mykhailenko, H. &, Cheremisin, O. (2020). New Ukraine vs Novorossia: myths and realities of geopolitical changes during the second half of the XVIIIth – at the end of the XIXth century. Skhidnoievropeiskyi Istorychnyi Visnyk – East European Historical Bulletin, (14), 36–45. doi: 10.24919/2519-058x.14.197177. [in English]
Plokhiy, S. (2016). Brama Yevropy. Istoriia Ukrainy vid skifskykh voien do nezalezhnosti [Cate of Europe. The history of Ukraine from the Scythian wars to independence]. Kharkiv: Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub Simeinoho Dozvillia”. [in Ukrainian]
Pogodin, M. (2010). Vzglyad na russkuyu istoriyu [A look at Russian history]. Lektsiya pri otkrytii kursa v sentyabre 1832 g. Izbrannye trudy. Moskva. URL: mwerden.de/pdf/pogodin_izbrannye_trudy_2010_text.pdf. [in Russian]
Pytlovana, L. (2019). Rosiiski monarkhy u karykaturi brytanskoho chasopysu “Panch” (“Punch”) pid chas Krymskoi viiny 1853 – 1856 rr.: formuvannia obrazu voroha [Russian monarchs in the caricature of the British maqazine “Punch” durinq the Crimean War of 1853 – 1856: formation of the imaqe of the enemy]. Nash Krym – Our Crimea – Bizim Qirimimiz. IV: Do 100-richchia Ukrainskoi Revoliutsii (1917 – 1923) – On the 100th anniversary of the Ukrainian Revolution (1917 – 1923), (pp. 231–248). H. Papakin (ed.). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
Shandra, V. & Arkusha, O. (2022). Ukraina v ХІХ st.: liudnist ta imperii [Ukraine in the 19th: humanity and empires]. Kyiv: Akademperiodyka. [in Ukrainian]
Sikorski, T. & Wątor, A. (2021). Paris-Rome-London. Information and Propaganda Campaign for the Polish Question prior to the Great War (1907–14). Acta Poloniae Historica, 124, 5–33. [in English]
Smit, E. (1994). Natsionalna identychnist [National identity]. Kyiv: Osnovy.[in Ukrainian].
Snyder, T. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus. 1569 – 1999. Yele University Press. New Haven & London. [in English]
Spravka. (1914 – 1917). Spravka o polozhenii voennoplennyih, sostavlennaya predstavitelem datskogo posolstva v Petrograde [Information about the situation of prisoners of war, compiled by a representative of the Danish embassy in Petrograd]. URL: prlib.ru/item/331518/. [in Russian]
Spysky. (1990). Spysky “Knyh buttia ukrainskoho narodu, vylucheni zi sprav Kyrylo-Mefodiievskoho tovarystva” [Listof “Books of the buttya of the Ukrainian people, removed from the files of the Cyril and Methodius societies”]. In Kyrylo-Mefodiivske tovarystvo: U 3 t., T. 1. Kyiv: Nauk. dumka. 1990. URL: http://litopys.org.ua/index.html. [in Ukrainian]
Tsalyk, S. (2016). Rosii zaboronyly maty vlasnyi flot na Chornomu mori [Russia was forbidden to have its own fleet in the Black Sea]. Nash Krym. Nerosiiski istorii ukrainskoho pivostrova – Our Crimea. Non-Russian stories of the Ukrainian peninsula, (pp. 63–68). URL: https://old.uinp.gov.ua/ebook/nash-krim-nerosiiski-istorii-ukrainskogo-pivostrova. [in Ukrainian]
Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy u Kyievi [СSHAUK – Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv].
Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy u Lvovi [СSHAUL – Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv].
Vendland, A.-V. (2015). Rusofily Halychyny. Ukrainski konservatory mizh Avstriieiu ta Rosiieiu, 1848 – 1915 [Russophilts of Galicia. Ukrainian conservatives between Austria and Russia, 1848 – 1915]. Pereklala z nimetskoi Khrystyna Nazarkevych. Lviv: Litopys. [in Ukrainian]
Vengerska, V. (2019a). Language and educational practices in the territories of the western russian empire governates in the 19th century: searching for national standards. Inrermarum: history, politics, culture, (6), 66–86. doi: 10.35433/history.11194. [in English]
Vengerska, V. (2019b). Territories, Borders and Communities in the Imperial Practices of the 18th and 19th Centuries Viewed from the Perspective of Cartography and Nation-building (the Case of the Russian Empire). The Person and the Challenges, 9/2, 109–120. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.3453. [in English]. [in English]
Venherska, V. (2013). Rozvytok rosiiskoho ta ukrainskoho natsionalnykh proektiv v umovakh Rosiiskoi imperii [Developmentof Russian and Ukrainian national projects under the conditions of the Russian Empire]. Hileia – Gilea, (73), 15–17. [in Ukrainian]
Vishlenkova, Ye. (2011). Vizualnoe narodovidenie imperiy, ili “Uvidet russkogo dano ne kazhdomu” [Visual ethovision of empires, or “Not everyone can see a Russian”]. Moskva. NLO. [in Russian].
Zapyska pro ukrainskyi rukh. (1916). Zapyska pro ukrainskyi rukh 1914 – 1916 rr. Z korotkym narysom istorii tsoho rukhu yak separatystsko-revoliutsiinoi techii sered naselennia Malorosii [A note about the Ukrainian movement of 1914 – 1916. With a brief sketch of the history of this movement as a separatist-revolutionary trend amond the population of Little Russia]. URL: https://rbvekpros.livejournal.com 271170.html. [in Ukrainian]
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
