EDUCATION ISSUE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF EASTERN GALICIA AND NORTHERN BUKOVYNA (1914 – 1917)

Ivan  ZULYAK; Vasyl  KOVBASA

doi:10.24919/2519-058X.26.275199

Authors

Ivan ZULYAK PhD hab. (History), Professor of the Department of History of Ukraine, Archeology and Special Branches of Historical Science, Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-2019
Vasyl KOVBASA Postgraduate Student at the Department of History of Ukraine, Archeology and Special Branches of Historical Science, Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-0707

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.26.275199

Keywords:

World War I, Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovyna, Russia, Austro-Hungary, occupation, education, repressions

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to analyze and characterize formation and organization principles of educational policy of the Russian occupation authorities in Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna during World War I. The research methodology is based on general principles of historical knowledge, which in its turn is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity, verification, authorial objectivity, reliance on historical sources. Both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, method of analogies), special and historical (historiographic, historical and genetic, historical periodization, retrospective) methods have been used in the research. The scientific novelty consists in characteristics of formation process and elucidation of general trends of the Russian educational system introduction in the occupied territories during the period under analysis. Scientific publications and archival documents that supplement historical knowledge of the outlined issues have been introduced into a wider historiographical context by analyzing the main components of the Russian authorities policy in the field of education. The Conclusion. It has been elucidated in detail that the education issue was one of the constituent parts of Russification and the struggle of the Russian authorities against the Ukrainian national movement. It has been determined that the presence of official Ukrainian school in the Austro-Hungarian Empire complicated the fight against “Ukrainian separatism” in the Russian Empire. The Russian occupation would make it possible to destroy the nucleus of the Ukrainian national movement hostile to Russia and to establish the Russian national identity in the occupied lands. It has been found out that the use of the education issue to strengthen the Russian occupation power in Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna during the period of 1914 – 1917 led to the opposite of expected results mostly. Politicization and unreasoned actions of the Russian officials, as well as persecution of the local intellectual elite, not only did not increase the number of supporters of Russia, but also discredited it seriously.

References

Arkhiv vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy imperii [AFPRE – Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire]

Bakhturina, A. (2000). Politika Rossiyskoy imperii v Vostochnoy Galitsii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny [Policy of the Russian Empire during the First World War]. Moskva: АIRO-ХХ. [in Russian]

Bakhturina, A. (2004). Okrainy rossiyskoy imperii. Gosudarstvennoe upravlenie i natsionalnaya politika v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny (1914 – 1917 gg.) [Outskirts of the Russian Empire: Public Administration and National Policy during the First World War (1914 – 1917)]. Moskva: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya. [in Russian]

Baran, I. (2014). Antyukrainska polityka predstavnykiv Ruskoi pravoslavnoi tserkvy v Halychyni u 1914 – 1915 rokakh [Anti-Ukrainian policy of representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church in Galicia in 1914 – 1915]. Hrani, 4, 148–156. [in Ukrainian]

Baran, I., Mazur, O. (2012). Nyshchennia rosiiskymy vlastiamy ukrainskoi movy, shkoly ta osvity v Halychyni na pochatku Pershoi svitovoi viiny [The Russian authorities’ destruction of the Ukrainian language, schools and education in Galicia at the beginning of the First World War]. Derzhava ta armiia. Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu “Lvivska politekhnika”, (724), 99–107. [in Ukrainian].

Derzhavnyi arkhiv Ternopilskoi oblasti [SATR – State Archives of Ternopil Region]

Doroshenko, D. (2007). Moi spomyny pro nedavnie mynule (1914 – 1920 roky) [My memories of the recent past (1914 – 1920)]. Kyiv: Tempora. [in Ukrainian]

Florczak, I. (2018). Obraz armii rosyjskiej w okupowanej Galicji w świetle dzienników i wspomnień (1914 – 1915) [An image of the Russian army in occupied Galicia in the light of diares and memories (1914 – 1915)]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica, (102), 75–87. Doi: 10.18778/0208-6050.102.06 [in Polish]

Galitsiya. (1916). Vremennyy voennyy general-gubernator. Otchet deyatelnosti Shtaba Vremennogo voennogo general-gubernatora Galitsii v period vremeni s 29 avgusta 1914 goda po 1 iyulya 1915 goda [Provisional military governor-general. Report on the activities of the Headquarters of the Provisional Military Governor-General of Galicia in the period from August 29, 1914 to July 1, 1915]. Kiev: Tip. Shtaba Kievskogo Voen. Okruga. [in Russian]

Kamenev, C. (1936). Khrestomatiya po istorii pedagogiki [Reader on the history of pedagogy]. Vol. 4. Moskva. [in Russian]

Kompaniiets, I. (1960). Stanovyshche i borotba trudiashchykh mas Halychyny, Bukovyny ta Zakarpattia na pochatku XX st. (1900 – 1919 roky) [The position and struggle of the working masses of Galicia, Bukovyna and Transcarpathia at the beginning of the 20th century (1900 – 1919 years).]. Kyiv: Vyd-vo AN URSR. [in Ukrainian]

Kovalenko, T. (2021). War beyond the Frontline: Refugees in Internal Governorates of the Russian Empire during World War I. Skhidnoievropeiskyi Istorychnyi Visnyk – East European Historical Bulletin, 18, 98–106. Doi: 10.24919/2519-058X.18.226510 [in English]

Liubchenko, V. (2011) Heneral-hubernatorstvo oblastei Avstro-Uhorshchyny, zainiatykh po pravu viiny (1916–1917 rr.) [Governor General of the Austro-Hungarian Regions Occupied by Law of War (1916–1917)]. Problemy istorii Ukrainy ХІХ –pochatku ХХ st., (19), 345–368. [in Ukrainian]

Lozynska, I. (2017). Orhanizatsiia rosiiskoho tsyvilnoho upravlinnia u Halychyni (serpen–veresen 1914 roku) [Organization of Russian Civil Administration in Galicia (August-September 1914)]. Skhidnoievropeiskyi istorychnyi visnyk – East European Historical Bulletin, 2, 21–30. Dоі: 10.24919/2519-058x.2.101456 [in Ukrainian]

Milyukov, P. (2001). Vospominaniya [Memories]. Moskva. [in Russian]

Orlyk, S. & Mekheda, A. (2020). Natural duties of the population of Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna under conditions of the Russian occupation (1914 – 1917). Skhidnoievropeiskyi istorychnyi visnyk – East European Historical Bulletin, 16, 153–162. Doi: 10.24919/2519-058x.16.210900 [in English]

Orlyk, S. (2018). Finansova polityka rosiiskoho okupatsiinoho rezhymu v Halychyni ta Bukovyni v roky Pershoi svitovoi viiny (1914 – 1917 rr.) [Financial policy of the Russian occupation regime in Galicia and Bukovina during the First World War (1914 – 1917)]. (Doctor’s thesis). Kyiv, 806 p. [in Ukrainian]

Petrovych, I. [Krypiakevych I.] (1915). Halychyna pid chas rosiiskoi okupatsii: Serpen 1914 – cherven 1915 [Galicia during the Russian occupation. August 1914 – June 1915]. Lviv. [in Ukrainian]

Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv [RSHA – Russian State Historical Archive]

Rossowski, S. (1916). Lwów podczas inwazji [Lviv during the invasion]. Lwów: H. Altenberg et al. [in Polish]

Semeniv, V. (Comps.). (2018). Moskovska okupatsiia Halychyny 1914 – 1917 rr. v svidchenniakh suchasnykiv. (Halytskyi arkhiv) [The Moscow occupation of Galicia in 1914-1917 in the testimony of contemporaries. (Galician archive)]. Lviv: Apriori. [in Ukrainian]

Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy v m. Kyiv [CSHAUK – Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv]

Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy v m. Lviv [CSHAUL – Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv]

Veryha, V. (1998). Vyzvolni zmahannia v Ukraini 1914 – 1923 rr. [Liberation competitions in Ukraine 1914 – 1923]. Vol. 1. Zhovkva: Vydavnytstvo Ottsiv Vasylian “Misioner”. [in Ukrainian]

Vysochayshie manifesty. (1915) Vozzvaniya Verkhovnogo Glavnokomanduyushchego. Doneseniya ot Shtaba Verkhovnogo Glavnokomanduyushchego [Appeals of the Supreme Commander. Reports from the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander.]. Moskva: Izd. D. Makhovskogo. [in Russian]