PROTECTION OF CHILDHOOD IN THE “RUSKA PRAVDA”: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.25.269597Keywords:
minor, criminal responsibility, source of law, punishment, public danger, Christianity.Abstract
The purpose of the research is to consider the historical circumstances of the “Ruska Pravda” formation; revealing the specific influence of Christianity on the development of legislation on child protection; detecting the main features of the “Ruska Pravda” in view of the responsibility of minors. The scientific novelty of the research can be seen in the presentation of scientific discussions on the problem of determining the role of the “Ruska Pravda” among the sources of juvenile law. The research methodology is based on the use of analytical and synthetic criticism of historical documents. Comparative and contrastive methods of various lists and editions of the “Ruska Pravda”, which have survived till our time and at different historical periods were included in various compilations of the legislation that formed the foundations of “ruske pravo”, have been used. The Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, it was possible to determine that customary law is the first attempt of the legislator to create a set of rules for the normal functioning of social relations in the state, which are prohibited for violation, and to form an algorithm for responding to non-fulfillment of the norms set forth. The emergence of customary law was a strong impetus for the then society which brought the state to a new level of interrelations, including international ones. It is also worth noting that in terms of legal force custom was equated with law. It has been found out that for that period of time actualization of minors as full-fledged objects of legislative influence would mean their recognition as full members of the society. On the one hand, this would expand the subject structure of the “insult”, on the other hand, it would fundamentally change the course of the society, which could have less desirable consequences for the principality. Recognizing the leading role of a man made it easier to establish the limits of responsibility and choose the punishment, that is why, women and children related to that man were subjected to certain repressions as an additional influence on the offender. This was a direct violation of the principle of individualization of punishment, and therefore unusual and unacceptable for the modern state. It has been determined that the “Ruska Pravda”, in fact, did not single out the minors as a special category of the subjects of criminal responsibility. The historical circumstances of the formation and development of Old Rus legislation have been traced. The reasons for which Christianity had an influence on legislative work have been highlighted. The main features of the “Ruska Pravda” in view of the responsibility of the minors have been singled out, which are: 1) lack of a clear idea of a socially dangerous act and its potential consequences; 2) lack of individualization of punishment and final differentiation of its limits depending on the type of offense; 3) absence of the minors in the subject structure of criminal offenses; 4) relative humanity and democracy; 5) integrated and actualized Christian concept in the norms of Old Rus legislation.
References
Bedriy, M. (2014). Istoryko-pravovyi ohliad dzherel prava Kyivskoi Rusi [Historical and Legal Review of the Sources of Law of Kyivan Rus]. URL: http://molodyvcheny.in.ua/files/journal/2014/8/41.pdf [in Ukrainian]
Bezklubyi, I. (2010). Istoriia ukrainskoho prava [History of Ukrainian Law]. Kyiv: Hramota. [in Ukrainian]
Boiko, I. (2019). Obiednannia Yaroslavom Mudrym davnikh ukrainskykh zemel v yedynu derzhavu – Rus ta yoho istorychne znachennia [Yaroslav the Wise's Unification of Ancient Ukrainian Lands into a Single State – Rus' and its Historical Significance]. Derzhavotvorchi protsesy v Ukraini ta zarubizhnykh krainakh: istorychnyi aspekt (do 1000-richchia z pochatku pravlinnia Yaroslava Mudroho): materialy kruhloho stolu, 24 veresnia 2019 r. m. Kharkiv, (pp. 17–22). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian]
Vasylkova, L. (2009). Funktsionuvannia leksyky kryminalnoho prava v pysemnykh pamiatkakh Kyivskoi Rusi [Functioning of criminal law vocabulary in written monuments of Kyivan Rus]. Ukrainska terminolohiia i suchasnist, 84–88. [in Ukrainian]
Vecherova, Ye. (2010). Nekaralnyi kryminalno-pravovyi vplyv na nepovnolitnikh v Ukraini (kryminolohichni zasady) [Non-Punitive Criminal-Legal Influence on Minors in Ukraine (Criminological Principles)]. (Candidates thesis). Odesa. [in Ukrainian]
Voitovych, L. (2006). Kniazha doba na Rusi: Portrety elity [Princely Days in Rus: Portraits of the Elite]. Bila Tserkva. [in Ukrainian]
Kotliar, M. (2000). Spadok Yaroslava Mudroho (do problemy istorychnoi pamiati litopysu) [The inheritance of Yaroslav the Wise (to the problem of the historical memory of the annals)]. Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal, 4, 73–78. [in Ukrainian]
Hetmanchuk, M. & Turchyn, Ya. (2006). Serhii Shelukhin: suspilno-politychni pohliady ta derzhavotvorchi idealy [Serhiy Shelukhin: Socio-Political Views and State-Building Ideals]. Lviv: Doslidno-vydavnychyi tsentr Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka. [in Ukrainian]
Honcharenko, V., Rohozhyn, A. & Sviatotskyi, O. (2000). Istoriia derzhavy i prava Ukrainy [History of the State and Law of Ukraine]. In 2 vols. / Ed. V. Ia. Tatsiy, A.I. Rohozhyn. Vol 1. Kyiv: Vydavnchyi Dim “In Yure”. [in Ukrainian]
Honcharenko, V. (2019). Derzhavnyi lad Kyivskoi Rusi za chasiv Yaroslava Mudroho [The State System of Kyivan Rus During the Time of Yaroslav the Wise]. Derzhavotvorchi protsesy v Ukraini ta zarubizhnykh krainakh: istorychnyi aspekt (do 1000-richchia z pochatku pravlinnia Yaroslava Mudroho): materialy kruhloho stolu, 24 veresnia 2019 r. m. Kharkiv, (pp. 4–6). Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian]
Hrushevskyi, M. (1992). Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy [History of Ukraine-Rus]. In 11 vols., 12 books. Repr. 2nd, extension ed. 1905. Vol. 2: XI – XIII centuries. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]
Demydenko, H. (2013). Yaroslav Mudryi – velykyi kniaz Rusi [Yaroslav the Wise – Grand Duke of Russia]. Kharkiv: Pravo. [in Ukrainian]
Zimin, A. (1999). Pravda russkaia [Ruska Pravda]. Moskva: Drevlekhranylyshche. [in Russian]
Kovalchuk, I. (2008). Peredumovy vynyknennia instytutu usynovlennia na terytorii Ukrainy [Prerequisites for the Establishment of the Institution of Adoption on the Territory of Ukraine]. Visnyk Akademii advokatury Ukrainy, 3, 29–34. [in Ukrainian]
Kovtun, N. (2011). Vydy dodatkovykh pokaran dlia nepovnolitnikh: monohrafiia [Types of Additional Punishments for Minors: Monograph]. Kyiv: In Yure. [in Ukrainian]
Kozachenko, O. (2010). Kulturo-antropolohichnyi pidkhid do vyznachennia kryminalnoho prava [Cultural and Anthropological Approach to the Definition of Criminal Law]. URL: http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/e-journals/FP/2010-3/10kovvkp.pdf. [in Ukrainian]
Kolos, M. (2011). Kryminalne pravo Ukrainy (Х – pochatok ХХI stolittia) [Criminal Law of Ukraine (Xth – Beginning of the XXIst Century)]. in 2 vols. Kyiv; Ostroh. V. 1: Osvita, nauka, zakonodavstvo [Education, Science, Legislation]. [in Ukrainian]
Kostomarov, M. (1993). Halereia portretiv: biohrafichni narysy [Gallery of Portraits: Biographical Essays]. Kyiv: Veselka. [in Ukrainian]
Kraliuk, P. (2018). Yaroslav Mudryi [Yaroslav the Wise]. Kharkiv: Folio. [in Ukrainian]
Krestovska, N. (2008). Yuvenalne pravo Ukrainy: istoryko-teoretychne doslidzhennia [Juvenile Law of Ukraine: Historical and Theoretical Study]: Monograph. Odesa: Feniks. [in Ukrainian]
Kushynska, L. (1999). Pro dzherelo prava rusko-vizantiiskykh uhod X st. [On the Source of the Law of Rus-Byzantine Agreements of the Xth century]. Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal, 6, 89–94. [in Ukrainian]
Lytvyn, V. (2008). Istoriia Ukrainy [History of Ukraine]. Kyiv: Znannia. [in Ukrainian]
Melnychuk, N. (2008). Problematyka naivyshchoi miry pokarannia u filosofskii kulturi Kyivskoi Rusi [The Problem of the Highest Degree of Punishment in the Philosophical Culture of Kyivan Rus]. Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu “Lvivska politekhnika”. Filosofski nauky, 60, 106–112. [in Ukrainian]
Nazymko, Ye. (2016). Instytut pokarannia nepovnolitnikh u kryminalnomu pravi Ukrainy. Chastyna 1. Heneza, mizhnarodni ta yevropeiski standarty, yuvenalna penolohiia [Institute of Juvenile Punishment in the Criminal Law of Ukraine. Part 1. Genesis, International and European Standards, Juvenile Penology]. Kyiv: Yurinkom Inter. [in Ukrainian]
Orel, Yu. (2014). Kryminalno-pravova okhorona normalnoi diialnosti orhaniv ta ustanov penitentsiarnoi sluzhby Ukrainy za zakonodavstvom Kyivskoi Rusi [Criminal Legal Protection of the Normal Activity of Bodies and Institutions of the Penitentiary Service of Ukraine According to the Legislation of Kyiv Rus]. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/j-pdf/FP_index.htm_2014_1_70.pdf. [in Ukrainian]
Padokh, Ya. (1948). Idei humannosti i demokratyzmu v karnomu pravi Kniazhoi Ukrainy [Ideas of Humanity and Democracy in the Criminal Law of Princely Ukraine]. Naukovyi Zbirnyk Ukrainskoho Vilnoho Universytetu, 5, 119–127. [in Ukrainian]
Demydenko, H. H. & Yermolaiev, V. M. (comp.) (2017). “Pravda Ruska” Yaroslava Mudroho: pochatok vitchyznianoho zakonodavstva [“Pravda Ruska” by Yaroslav the Wise: the Beginning of Domestic Legislation]. Vstupne slovo V. Ya. Tatsiia. 2nd ed., changes. and added. Kharkiv: Pravo. [in Ukrainian]
Savchenko, A. (2007). Porivnialnyi analiz kryminalnoho zakonodavstva Ukrainy ta federalnoho kryminalnoho zakonodavstva Spoluchenykh Shtativ Ameryky [Comparative Analysis of the Criminal Legislation of Ukraine and the Federal Criminal Legislation of the United States of America]. (Doctors thesis). Kyiv: Kyivskyi natsionalnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav Ukrainy. [in Ukrainian]
Sayenko, H. (2014). Retrospektyva uhody v kryminalnomu protsesi Ukrainy [Retrospective of the Agreement in the Criminal Process of Ukraine]. Natsyonalnyi yurydycheskyi zhurnal: Teoryia y praktyka, 6, 272–277. [in Ukrainian]
Svitlychnyi, O. & Khriapinskyi, P. (2014). Kryminalna vidpovidalnist za rozbeshchennia nepovnolitnikh [Criminal Liability for Corruption of Minors]. Monograph. Dnipropetrovsk: NHU. [in Ukrainian]
Tatsiy, V. (2017). Vstupne slovo [An Introductory Word]. In: Demydenko, H. H. & Yermolaiev, V. M. (comp.). “Pravda Ruska” Yaroslava Mudroho: pochatok vitchyznianoho zakonodavstva. 2-he vyd., zmin. ta dopov., (pp. 5–18). Kharkiv: Pravo. [in Ukrainian]
Tolochko, P. (2002). Yaroslav Mudryi [Yaroslav the Wise]. Kyiv: Alternatyvy. [in Ukrainian]
Hrystiuk, V. & Kozynets, O. (2015). Do pytannia pro mistse ta znachennia zvychaievoho prava v systemi dzherel prava Kyivskoi Rusi [To the Question of the Place and Meaning of Customary Law in the System of Sources of Law of Kyivan Rus]. URL: http://ir.stu.cn.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/14262/Do%20pytannia%20pro%20mistse%20ta%20znachennia....pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Khrun, I. (2007). Stanovlennia ta rozvytok prav nepovnolitnikh u pravovykh dzherelakh Ukrainy [Formation and Development of the Rights of Minors in the Legal Sources of Ukraine]. Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnu-trishnikh sprav. Seriia yurydychna, 2, 80–86. [in Ukrainian]
Cherkaskyi, I. (1928). Hromadskyi (kopnyi) sud na Ukraini-Rusi XVI–XVIII v.v. [Civil (communal) Court in Ukraine-RUS of the XVIth – XVIth Centuries]. (Pratsi komisii dlia vyuchuvannia istorii zakhidnoruskoho ta vkrainskoho prava, 4/5). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
Chubatyi, M. (2002). Ruska Pravda: z “Ohliadu istorii ukrainskoho prava” [Ruska Pravda: From “Review of the History of Ukrainian Law”]. Antolohiia ukrainskoi yurydychnoi dumky. T. 2: Istoriia derzhavy i prava Ukrainy: Ruska Pravda [Anthology of Ukrainian Legal Thought. Vol. 2: History of the State and Law of Ukraine: Ruska Pravda] / Ed. I. B. Usenko, (pp. 454–459). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
Shalhunova, S. (2011). Osoba nasylnytskoho zlochyntsia: monohrafiia [The Identity of a Violent Criminal: a Monograph]. 2nd ed., add. and processing. Dnipropetrovsk: Dnipropetrovskyi derzhavnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav, Lira-LTD, 548 s. [in Ukrainian]
Yushkov, S. (2002). Russkaia Pravda: proiskhozhdenie, istochniki, ee znachenie [Ruska Pravda: Origin, Sources, its Meaning]. Moskva: Zertsalo-M, 2002. [in Russian]
Yastrebov, O. (2011). “Ruska Pravda”: pershyi kodeks zakoniv na Rusi [“Ruska Pravda”: the First Code of Laws in Rus]. Syla miakoho znaka, abo povernennia Ruskoi Pravdy / ed. Larysa Ivshyna; ed. 2nd, stereotypical, (pp. 63–68). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.