HAMLET FARM DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE at the end of the XVIIIth – the first third of the XXth century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.23.258965Abstract
The purpose of the research is to study the hamlet form of management in the South of Ukraine at the end of the XVIIIth – the first third of the XXth century. The Methodology of the Research. It was possible to achieve the goal with the help of the use of postmodern methodology. The research is based on the principles of objectivity, multifactorialism, historicism, the implementation of which took place due to the use of historical genetics, problem chronological, narrative, retrospective, classification, historical biographical methods and content analysis. The scientific novelty is that for the first time a comprehensive study of the hamlet farm development in the South of Ukraine at the end of the XVIIIth – the first third of the XXth century has been carried out. Numerous new sources have been involved in the scientific circulation, which allows expanding the idea of the existing farm management system in the region. The criteria of the analysis have been formulated and the hamlet classification has been developed, the periodization of hamlet development has been offered. The issues of preconditions, conditions, social mechanisms, algorithms of creation and distribution of hamlets have been elucidated.
The Conclusions. The emergence and spread of hamlets had been an integral part of the settlement and economic development of southern Ukraine since the end 1880s. The upper chronological limit of their existence in the region coincided with the beginning of collectivization. For almost a century and a half in the rural areas of the south there were developed eight varieties of farmland: 1) one-yard hamlets of wealthy peasants that existed on privately owned, rented and allotted lands; 2) multi-yard hamlets of wealthy peasants and middle class peasants (on privately owned and rented lands); 3) multi-yard hamlets of wealthy peasants on allotted lands; 4) multi-yard hamlets of poor peasants on allotted lands; 5) one-yard privately owned hamlets of the Azov and Danube troops’ officers; 6) one-yard hamlets of wealthy Cossacks on the allotted lands of troops; 7) multi-yard hamlets of wealthy and middle-class Cossacks on the allotted lands of troops; 8) multi-yard hamlets of the wealthy German-speaking colonists on allotted and privately owned lands.
There wre five stages in their development in the region: the end of the XVIIIth century – 1861; in 1861 – 1906; in 1906 – 1914, in 1914 – 1921, in 1921 – 1929. During the first stage the Cossack, colonial and peasant hamlet became one of the main natural and economic forms of settlement and economic development of the region. During the inter-reform period, i. e., at the second stage, the peasantry was the main subject of the hamlets foundation. At the same time, one-yard as well as in groups and by renting and buying privately owned land, wealthy and middle-class strata spread the hamlet system of management in the region in the competition for land with the community, colonists, burghers, and merchants. There was a noticeable trend in the spread of hamlets-vyselkiv and experimental rental farms. The defining method of spreading hamlet was intra-allotment land management at the third stage. In 1906 – 1917 plot of land strips of rural communities became an arena of internal competition for land. The spread of plot of land management system became widespread at that time. Not only economically stable peasants but also indigenous peasants became owners of hamlets. During the fourth stage – during the period of World War I and the revolution – hamlet development system was regressive. Its defining features were the return of small-scale land hamlet-peasants to the communal system and the forced destruction farms of the German-speaking colonists. During the NEP years, that is at the fifth stage, there was a slight revival of the hamlet system in some southern Ukrainian territories. The destruction of hamlet system took place during collectivization.
Key words: hamlet, agriculture, land use, agrarian reform, peasantry.
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