TRAINING OF DIPLOMATIC STAFF IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP STATES (V4) (1991 – 2004): PRECONDITIONS FOR FORMATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.19.233840Abstract
The purpose of the study is to reveal the preconditions for the formation and development of diplomatic systems and training of diplomatic personnel in the Visegrad Group states (V4) in 1991 – 2004. The Research Methodology. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, system, science, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical and typological, historical and systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the Ukrainian and foreign science the preconditions for formation of diplomatic systems and training of diplomatic personnel in the Visegrad Group states (V4) (1991 – 2004) have been considered in organic unity; the groups of external and internal factors have been singled out, which influenced these processes; the peculiarities of the formation and development of diplomatic systems and training of relevant specialists in each of the Visegrad Group states (V4) have been analyzed. The Conclusions. The singled out factors that influenced the formation and development of diplomatic systems and diplomatic personnel training in the Visegrad Group states (V4) (1991 – 2004) are conditionally grouped into external ones (macro-factors: the collapse of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the communist regime, the acquisition of independence and sovereignty by Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the organization of diplomatic services of these states, strengthening one's own image at the international level, participation of the states in international structures, international policy, EU educational initiatives, etc.) and domestic (meso- and micro-factors: the socio-political situation in the Visegrad Group states (V4), the development of the diplomatic service, the foreign policy course of the state, the official policy of Visegrad and the Bologna system, the national educational policy of each of the states, the appropriate regulatory framework, the development of higher education in each of the states, educational systems in the Soviet Union and in Ukraine, where specialists in international relations were also trained, foreign language education as a priority public policy, etc.). These groups of determinants are interconnected and form a complex system that programmed the creation of diplomatic services, the development of diplomatic education in the Visegrad Group states (V4).
Key words: the Visegrad Group states (V4), Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, diplomatic system, training of diplomatic personnel.
References
Acheson Papers. (1952). Acheson Papers – Secretary of State File. URL: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/achesonmemos/view.php?documentid=71-4_14&documentYear=1952&documentVersion=both. [in English]
Bogaj, A. (1997). Realia I perspektywy reform oswiatowych [Reality and Perspectives of Educational Reforms]. Warszawa: Instytut Badan Edukacyjnych. 118 р. [in Polish]
Carta, C. (2012). The European Union Diplomatic Service: Ideas, Preferences and Identities. London: Routledge, 240р. [in English]
Cerych, L. (1997). Educational Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe: Processes and Outcomes. European Journal of Education, 32(1), 75–96. [in English]
Declaration on Cooperation. (1991). Declarationon Cooperation between the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Hungary in Striving for European Integration. (15.02.1991). URL: www.visegradgroup.eu/documents/visegrad-declarations. [in English]
Dzierzgowska, I. (2001). Edukacja 1997 – 2001. Raport [Education 1997 – 2001. Report]. Warszawa, 19 р. [in Polish]
Edukacja. (1998). Edukacja mlodego pokolenia Polakow I ukraincow w kontekscie integracji europejskiej: nadziejeizagrożenia [Education of the Young Generation of the Poles and Ukrainians in the Context of European Integration: Hopes and Threats]. Pod. red. Ryszard Kucha and Eugeniusz Klos. Lublin: Wydaw. UniwersytetuMarii Curie – Skłodowskiej, 483 р. [in Polish]
Ernestovа, M. (2007). Teaching and learning English under the Communist Region: A Personal Account. Intercultural Communication and Foreign Language Teaching: Perspectives a Czech-German Viewpoint. Universität Augsburg, 13–20. DOI: http://10.15.507. 1991.9468.088.021.201703.371-384. [in English]
Eshtvanikova, M. (2004). Integratsiya Slovakii I Chehii v Evropeyskiy Soyuz [Integration of Slovakia and the Czech Republic into the European Union]. URL: http://www.observer.materik.ru/observer/N10_2003/10_06.HTM [in Russian]
Hotkova, E. S. (2012). Vyishegradskaya gruppa: opyit I perspektivyi [Visegrad Group: Experience and Prospects]. Рroblemy I natsionalnoy strategii–Problems of National Strategy, 4, 56–70. [in Russian]
Huberskyi, L. V., Baranov, S. I. & Borynets, S. Ya. (2006). Instytut mizhnarodnych vidnosyn [Institute of International Relations]. Kyiv: Balance Club, 400 р. [in Ukrainian]
Instytut. (2019). Instytut mizhnarodnych vidnosyn Kyivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni TarasaShevchenka [Institute of International Relations Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]. URL: http://www.iir.edu.ua/institute/history/ [in Ukrainian]
Kish, E. V. (2012). “Evropeiska karta” krain Vyshehradskoi chetvirky: istoriia rozvytku I formy spivrobitnytstva [European Map of the Visegrad Countries: History of Development and Forms of Cooperation]. Naukovyi visnyk Mykolaivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni V. O. Sukhomlynskoho. Seriia “Istorychni nauky” – Scientific Bulletin of Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences, 3(33), 259–267. URL: http://mdu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/36.pdf. [in Ukrainian]
Kuti, Zs., & Morvai, E. (2000). Concealable Framework for the Foreign language competence development programmer years 1–12. Budapest: Education Alkotoszerkeszto, 22 p. [in English]
Language Education. (2002). Language Education Policy Profile. Hungary – Strasbourg: Language Policy Division, 41p. [in English]
Language planning. (2005). Language Planning and Policy in Europe.Vol. 2. The Czech Republic, the European Union and Northern Ireland. Ed. R. B.Bulclauf, R. B. Kaplan. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: MultilingualMatters, 320 p. [in English]
Lukianova, L. (2017). Zakonodavche zabezpechennia osvity doroslykh: zarubizhnyidosvid [Legislative Support of Adult Education: Foreign Experience]. Kyiv: DKS-Centre, 147 p. [in Ukrainian]
Memorandum. (2000). Memorandum obobuchenii v techenievseyzhizni [Lifelong Education Memorandum]. URL: http://efakaz.kz/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Memorandum-RU-LLL.pdf [in Russian]
Meshalskyi, S. (2013). Zminy polskoi systemy osvity ta ideia demokratyzatsii [Changes in the Polish Education System and the Idea of Democratization]. Osvitni reformy: misiia, diisnist, refleksiia – Educational reforms: mission, reality, reflection. Ed. V. Kremen, T. Levovatskyi, V. Ohneviuk, S. Sysoieva (Red.), (pp. 42–60). Kyiv: Edelveis. [in Ukrainian]
Milenium. (2002). Milenium: Narodny program vychovya vzdelavania v Slovenskej republike na najblizsích 15 az 20 rokov [Millennium: National Programme of Education in the Slovak Republic for the next 15 to 20 years]. URL:https://www.nrsr.sk/dl/browser/document?documentid=163357[in Slovak]
Moroz, D. O. (2005). Zasnuvannia mizhnarodnoho rehionalnoho obiednannia Vyshehrad: peredumovyinaslidky [Establishment of the International Regional Association Visegrad: preconditions and consequences]. Visnyk Derzhavnoi akademii kerivnykh kadriv kultury I mystetstv. Shchokvartalnyi naukovyi zhurnal – Bulletin of the State Academy of Management of Culture and Arts. Quarterly scientific journal, 4, 95–100. [in Ukrainian]
National Core Curriculum. (2007). National Core Curriculum (abridged version). Ministry of Education and Culture. Budapest: Ministry of Education and Culture. URL: http://www.nefmi.gov.hu/english/hungarian-national-core. [in English]
Novakovskyi, Ye. (2009). Zakordonna polityka Polshchi: tsiliiochikuvannia [Poland's Foreign Policy: Goals and Expectations]. Ukrainian Journal, 11. URL: http://ukrzurnal.eu/ukr.archive.html/765/ [in Ukrainian]
Priorytety. (2012). Priorytety Polskiej Polityki Zagranicznej. 2012−2016 [Priorities of Polish Foreign Policy. 2012-2016]. Warszawa, 29 p. URL: http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/aa1c4aec-a52f-45a7-96e5-06658e73bb4e:JCR [in Polish].
Pulishova, V. & Strazhai, T. (2010). Ukraina ta Vyshehradska chetvirka na shliakhu do vzaiemovyhidnykh vidnosyn [Ukraine and the Visegrad Four on the Way to Mutually Beneficial Relations]. Bratyslava: ADIN, 166 p. [in Ukrainian]
Radek, М. (2008). Vysoke skolstvona Slovensku – realita, problema mozneriesenia [Higher Education in Slovakia − Reality, Problem and Possible Solutions]. Bratislava: EPPP, 38 p. [in Slovak]
Serhiienko, T. S. (2012). Rehionalna polityka krain vyshehradskoi hrupy ustanovlenni prykordonnoi ta mizhrehionalnoi spivpratsi z Ukrainoiu [Regional Policy of the Visegrad Group Countries in the Formation of Border and Interregional Cooperation with Ukraine]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu – Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University, 29, 42–48. [in Ukrainian]
Shishelina, L. N. (2014).Vyishegradskaya gruppa: etapy I stanovleniya i razvitiya [Visegrad Group: Stages of Formation and Development]. URL: http://www.perspektivy.info/rus/gos/vishegradskaja_gruppa_etapy_stanovlenija_i_razvitija_2014-08-20.htm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620150926 [in Russian]
Skrzydlo, W. (2009). Ustroj polityczny RP w swietle Konstytucji z 1997 r. [The Political System of the Republic of Poland in the Light of the Constitution of 1997]. Warszawa: Oficyna Wolters Kluwer, 256p. [in Polish]
Sprava. (1994). Spravao zahraniinejpolitike SR, Zuvodneho slova ministra zahraniсnych vecí J. Moravсіka v NR SR 2. februara 1994 [Report on the Foreign Policy of the Slovak Republic, from the Foreword by the Minister of Foreign Affairs J. Moravsík in the National Council of the Slovak Republic on 2 February 1994]. Dokumenty zahraniсnej politiky SR. URL: https://www.mzv.sk/zahranicna-politika/dokumenty-k-zahranicnej-politike.[in Slovak]
Sprievodca. (2006). Sprievodca bolonskym procesom. Slovenske vysoke skoly a bolonskyproces [Guide to the Bologna Process. Slovak Universities and the Bologna Process]. Bratislava: SAAIC-NK Socrates, 64p. [in Slovak]
Statut. (1993). Statut Ministerstva zahraniсnychveci SR C. 16/93 zo dna 30.04.1993 [The Statute of the Ministerstva zahraniсnychveci SR C. 16/93 on April 30, 1993]. URL: https://www.mzv.sk. [in Slovak]
Stelmakh, V. O. (2015). Politychna sotsializatsiia molodi krain Vyshehradskoi hrupy [Political socialization of the youth of the Visegrad Group countries]. Kyiv, 235 p. [in Ukrainian]
Stemplowski, R. (2007). O konstytucyjnym pojęciu prowadzenia polityki [About the Constitutional Notion of Conducting Politics]. Przeglad Sejmowy – Sejm Review, 4 (81), 229–254. [in Polish]
Surmacz, B. (2015). Ewolucja struktur organizacyjnych polskiej dyplomacji w zakresie promocji Polski na arenie międzynarodowej [Evolution of the Organizational Structures of Polish Diplomacy in the Field of Poland’s Promoting in the International Arena].Miedzy Rosja a Niemcami. Dyplomacja srodkowo europejska w XX wieku – Between Russia and Germany. Central European diplomacy in the 20th century. Vol.2: 1945 – 2000; E. Alabrudzinska (red.), (pp. 315–344). Torun: Mado. [in Polish]
Szabo, I. (2008). Foreign Language Teaching in Primary Education in Hungary. Encuentro.Revista de investigacion e innovacionen la clase de idiomas, 17, 23−27. [in English]
Szczepanik, К. (2005). Dyplomacja Polski 1918 – 2005. Struktury organizacyjne [Polish Diplomacy 1918 – 2005. Organizational structures]. Warszawa: Askon, 244p. [in Polish]
Szpak, К. (2009). Polska infrastruktura dyplomatyczna [Polish Diplomatic Infrastructure]. Podmiotowosc geopolityczna. Studia nadpolską polityka zagraniczna – Geopolitical subjectivity. Studieson Polish Foreign Policy, (pp. 131−142). Warszawa: Kontrast [in Polish]
The Bologna Declaration. (1999). The Bologna Declaration of 19 June 1999. Joint declaration of the European Ministers of Education. URL: http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/documents/MDC/BOLOGNA_DECLARATION1.PDF]. [in English]
The European Dimension. (1991).The European Dimension in Education: A Statement of UK Goverment's Policy and Report of Activities Undertaken to Implement the EC Resolution of 24 May 1988 on the European Dimension in Education. DFE. Department for Education, 1991, February. 15 p. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e996e8e5-ed3e-482d-9a3c-7b7eb7a19b1e/language-en [in English]
The Visegrad Group. (1993). The Visegrad Group: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland. URL: http://www.visegradgroup.eu/ [in English]
Treaty. (2002). Treaty establishing the European Community (Articles 149 to 150). URL: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties [in English]
Treaty. (1992). Treaty on European Union. URL: https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf [In English]
Ukraine. (2010). Ukraine and the Visegrad Fouron the way to mutually beneficial relations. Kyiv–Bratislava: ADIN, 166 p. [in Ukrainian]
Ustawa. (1997).Ustawa z dnia 4 wrzesnia 1997 r. o działach administracji rządowej [Act of September 4, 1997 on government administration departments. Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 141. URL: https:// dsc.kprm.gov.pl/sites/default/files/ustawa_z_dnia_4_wrzesnia_1997_r._o_dzialach_administracji_rzadowej.pdf [in Polish]
Ustawa. (2001). Ustawaz dnia 27 lipca 2001 r.o służbie zagranicznej [Act of 27 July 2001 on foreign service]. Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 128.URL: https://www.msz.gov.pl/pl/ ministerstwo/sluzba_zagraniczna/ustawa_o_sluzbie_zagranicznej/ [in Polish]
Uznesenie. (2000). Uznesenie vlady SR 685/2000 z 30. augusta 2000 k navrhu koncepcie dalsieho rozvoja vysokeho skolstvana Slovensk upre 21. Storocie [Government Resolution 685/2000 of 30 August 2000 on the proposal of the concept of further development of higher education in Slovakia for the 21st Century]. URL: http://www.vlada.gov.sk/uznesenia/2000/0830/u0685_2000.html] [in Slovak]
Visegrad Group. (2004). Visegrad Group – Your Partner. Prague: PP Agency, 197 p. [in English]
Vyhlaska. (2002).Vyhlaska Ministerstva skolstva Slovenskej republikyc. 614/2002 Z.z.z. 27. septembra 2002 okreditovom systeme studia [Decree of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic no. 614/2002 Coll. Z. September 27, 2002 on the study credit system].(2002). Zbierka zakonov – Collection of Laws,239,6250–6264. [in Slovak]
Zakon. (1995). Zakonc. 270/1995 o statnom jazyku Slovenskej republiky [Act no. 270/1995 on the state language of the Slovak Republic]. URL:http://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/1995-270.[in Slovak]
Zakon. (1999). Zakonc.184/1999 o pouzivani jazykov narodnostnych mensin) [Act No. 184/1999 on the Use of Languages of National Minorities]. URL:http://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/1999-184. [inSlovak]
Zakon. (2002). Zakonc. 131/2002 Z.z. z 21. februara 2002 o vysokych skolach a o zmene a doplneni niektorych zakonov [Act no. 131/2002 Coll. of 21 February 2002 on Higher Education Institutions and on Amendments to Certain Acts]. Zbierkazakonov – Collection of Laws, 58, 1462–1514. [in Slovak]
Zieba, R. (2015). Implikacje stosunków polsko-amerykanskich dla polityki zagranicznej Polski [The Implications of Polish-American Relations for Poland's Foreign Policy]. Przegląd Politologiczny – Political Review, 2. URL: http://przeglad.amu.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/pp2015-2-007.pdf [in Polish]
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
