THE SITUATION OF THE JEWISH MINORITY DURING THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF EASTERN GALICIA IN 1914 – 1915.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.18.226532Abstract
The purpose of the article – to analyze the situation, the state of affairs of the Jewish population of Eastern Galicia during World War I from August of 1914 till June of 1915. The methodology of the research: adherence to the principles of objectivity and historicism contributed to the elucidation of the preconditions, essence and consequences of the Russian administration activities during the occupation period concerning the Jewish community of Eastern Galicia. The scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive problem coverage of the civilian administration and military command attitude to the local population and national minorities; in the analysis of socio-political and economic processes on the eve and during the years of the Russian occupation administration, which has not been the subject of a special historical study. The attempt has been made to recreate the picture of political changes in the structure of Galician multinational society, where a social category emerged – the refugees. New archival materials have been introduced into scientific circulation, which allowed to generalize the situation of the Jewish community of Galicia during World War I. The Conclusions. The occupation of the Galician region by the Russian troops was accompanied by a violent policy against the local population and national minorities of the region. The government's inaction led to mass looting and military violence against the Jews. Russia's anti-Jewish policy on the South-Western Front had a negative effect on the country's international image, creating additional obstacles for the country to obtain foreign loans. The policy of persecution of the Jewish population by the state led to the confrontation in the society, the creation of stereotypes ingrained in the public consciousness, where the Jews acted as enemies, traitors, moneylenders, speculators, who were accused of all internal and military miscalculations of the Empire.
Key words: Jewish minority, occupation, Eastern Galicia, the Russian Empire, World War I.
References
Ansky, S. (2002). The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey through the Jewish Pale of Settlement during World War I. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 327 p. [in English]
Bakhturina, A.Yu. (2000). Politika Rossiyskoy imperii v Vostochnoy Galitsii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny [The policy of the Russian Empire in Eastern Galicia during World War I]. Moskva: AIRO-XX, 263 p. [in Russian]
Bilous, L. (2011) Deportatsiia yevreiskoho naselennia na terytorii Rosiiskoi imperii pid chas Pershoi svitovoi viiny [Deportation of the Jewish population at the territory Russian Empire during World War I]. Ukrains'kyj istorychnyj zhurnal – Ukrainian Historical Journal, (2), 65–79. [in Ukrainian]
Dashkevych, Ya. (1990) Vzaiemovidnosyny mizh ukrainskym ta yevreiskym naselenniam u Skhidnii Halychyni (kin. XIX – poch. XX st.) [Relations between the Ukrainian and Jewish Population in Eastern Galicia (the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries)]. Ukrains'kyj istorychnyj zhurnal – Ukrainian Historical Journal, 10, 63–73 [in Ukrainian].
Derzhavnyi arkhiv Lvivskoi oblasti [State Archives of Lviv Region – SALR].
Diadychenko, V. A. (Ed.) (1967) Istoriia selianstva Ukrainskoi RSR. Vid naidavnishykh chasiv do Velykoi zhovtnevoi sotsialistychnoi revoliutsii (Vol. 1). Kyiv: NVP “Vydavnytstvo “Naukova dumka” NAN Ukrainy”, 561 p. [in Ukrainian]
Dilo. (1915). Dilo, 30.01, 4. [in Ukrainian]
Galperin, B. D. (2008). Osobye zhurnaly Soveta ministrov Rossiyskoy imperii. 1909 – 1917 gg. 1915 god [Special journals of the Russian Empire Council of Ministers. 1909 – 1917. 1915]. Moskva: ROSSPEN, 715 p. [in Russian]
Gatrell, P. (1999). A Whole Empire Walking. Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 318 p. [in English]
Goldin, S. (2005) Deportatsii russkoy armiey evreev iz Kovenskoy i Kurlyandskoy guberniy (aprel – may 1915) [The Jews Deportation from the Kurland and Koven provinces by the Russian army (April-May 1915)]. Abstracts of Papers '05: Yevrei v menyayushchemsya mire. (pp. 260-265). Riga. [in Russian]
Hankevych, M. (1915) Pid teperishniu khvyliu [Under the present wave]. Visnyk Soiuza vyzvolennia Ukrainy – Bulletin of the Union of Liberation of Ukraine. Vienna, 21–22, 6. [in Ukrainian]
Holkvist, P. (1998) Russian catastrophe (1914 – 1921) in European context. Total mobilization and “population policy”. Rossiya XXI, 11/12, 26–54. [in Russian]
Ioffe, G.Z. (2001) Vyselenie evreev iz prifrontovoy polosy v 1915 godu [The eviction of the Jews from the frontline in 1915]. Voprosy istorii – Questions of history, 9, 85–97. [in Russian]
Kel’ner, V. (2004) The Jewish Question and Russian Social Life During World War I. Russian Studies in History, 43, 11–40. [in English]
Kurjer Lwowski. (1915). Kurjer Lwowski [Lviv courier], 25.09, 5. [in Polish]
Lazanska, Т. І. (2009). Stanovyshche bizhentsiv Ukrainy v roky Pershoi svitovoi viiny [The situation of refugees of Ukraine during World War I]. Problemy istorii Ukrainy ХІХ–ХХ st. – Problems of the History of Ukraine in the 19th and 20th centuries, XVI, 196–240. [in Ukrainian]
Lohr, E. (2003). Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 237 p. [in English]
Lvivski zakladnymy v Kyievi. (1915). Lvivski zakladnymy v Kyievi [Lviv people like hostages in Kiev]. Dilo, 29.10, 2. [in Ukrainian]
Magochii, P.-R. & Petrovskyi-Shtern, Y. (2018) Yevrei ta ukraintsi : tysiacholittia spivisnuvannia [The Jews and the Ukrainians: millennia of coexistence]. Uzhhorod: Vydavnytstvo Valeriia Padiaka, 338 p. [in Ukrainian]
Melamed, V. (1994) Yevrei vo Lvove (XIII – pervaya polovina XX veka): sobytiya, obshchestvo, lyudi [The Jews in Lviv (XIII – first half of XX century): events, society, people.]. Lvov: TEKOP, 263 p. [in Russian]
Naselenie imperii. (1897). Naselenie imperii po perepisi 28-go yanvarya 1897 goda po uezdam [The population of the empire according to the census of January 28, 1897 by counties]. St. Petersburg, 30 p. [in Russian]
Natans, B. (2007). Za chertoy. Yevrei vstrechayutsya s pozdneimperskoy Rossiey [Behind the line. The Jews meet with late imperial Russia]. Moskva: ROSSPEN, 436 p. [in Russian]
Nelipovich, S. G. (2005) Nemtsy Varshavy v Pervoy mirovoy voyne 1914 – 1918 gg. [The Germans of Warsaw in the First World War 1914 – 1918]. Abstracts of Papers '05: Rossiyskie nemtsy v inonatsionalnom okruzhenii: problemy adaptatsii, vzaimovliyaniya, tolerantnosti. (pp. 261–279). Moskva. [in Russian]
Nelipovich, S. G. (2009). Voennoe vedomstvo i mennonity Rossii v Pervoy mirovoy voyne (1914 – 1918 gg.) [The War Department and Mennonites of Russia during the First World War (1914 – 1918)]. Abstracts of Papers '09: Etnicheskie nemtsy Rossii: Istoricheskiy fenomen “naroda v puti”. (pp. 85–103). Moskva. [in Russian]
Organizatsyia ladu v misti Lvovi. (1914). Organizatsyia ladu v misti Lvovi [Organization of order in Lviv]. Dilo, 2.09. 1–3. [in Ukrainian]
Petrovych, I. (1915) Halychyna pid chas rosiiskoi okupatsii: serpen 1914 – cherven 1915 [Galicia during the Russian occupation: August of 1914 – June 1915]. Viden’: “Politychna biblioteka”, 116 p. [in Ukrainian]
Pid rosiiskym naizdom. (1915). Pid rosiiskym naizdom [Under Russian occupation]. Dilo. 25.12, 2. [in Ukrainian]
Pohrebynska, I. M. & Hon, M. M. (1997). Yevrei v Zakhidnoukrainskii Narodnii Respublitsi (do problemy ukrainsko-ievreiskykh vzaiemyn) [Jews in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (to the Problem of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations)]. Kyiv: NAN Ukrainy, Instytut natsionalnykh vidnosyn i politolohii, 86 p. [in Ukrainian]
Reient, O. (2007). Ukraina v Pershii svitovii viini: suchasni naukovo-metodolohichni aktsenty. Problemy istorii Ukrainy: fakty, sudzhennia, poshuky – Problems of Ukrainian history: facts, judgments, searches, 16, 88–103. [in Ukrainian]
Rosiiskyi derzhavnyi viiskovo-istorychnyi arkhiv [Russian State Military History Archive – RSMHA].
Rosyiane v Buchachy. (1915). Rosyiane v Buchachy [The Russians in Buchach]. Dilo, 20.02, 3. [in Ukrainian]
Seheda, H.V. (2005). Ohliad dzherel ta literatury z problemy bizhentsiv v Ukraini u period Pershoi svitovoi viiny [Sources and literature on refugee problems in Ukraine during the First World War review]. Problemy istorii Ukrainy ХІХ – pochatku ХХ st. – History of Ukraine problems of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, 9, 136–146. [in Ukrainian]
Semeniv, V. (Comps.) (2018). Moskovska okupatsiia Halychyny w 1914 – 1917 rr. v svidchenniakh suchasnykiv [Moscow's occupation of Galicia in 1914 – 1917 in the testimony of contemporaries]. Lviv: Apriori, 256 p. [in Ukrainian]
Serdiuk, O.V. (2002). Bizhenstvo v Ukraini pid chas Pershoi svitovoi viiny [Refugees in Ukraine during World War I]. Problemy istorii Ukrainy ХІХ – pochatku ХХ st. – History of Ukraine problems of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, 4, 111–132. [in Ukrainian]
Shcho diiet sia na Vkraini. (1915). Shcho diiet sia na Vkraini [What is happening in Ukraine]. Dilo, 5.06, 4. [in Ukrainian]
Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy u m. Lvovi [Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv – CSHAUL]
Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy, Kyiv [Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, Kyiv – CSHAUK]
Ukrainske slovo. (1918). Ukrainske slovo [Ukranian word], 08.08, 3. [in Ukrainian]
Ukrainske slovo. (1916). Ukrainske slovo [Ukranian word], 30.01, 2–3. [in Ukrainian]
V okupovanii terytorii. (1914). V okupovanii terytorii [In the occupied territory]. Dilo, 5.09, 1–2. . [in Ukrainian]
Vanchura, U., Ktytor P. & Melnychuk, Kh. (2003). Zemlia Ternopilska: turystychnyi putivnyk [Ternopil land: tourist guide]. Ternopil: Dzhura, 368 p. [in Ukrainian]
Volkov, Ye. Z. (1930). Dinamika narodonaseleniya SSSR za vosemdesyat let [The eighty years USSR population dynamics]. Moskva-Leningrad, 271 p. [in Russian]
Vyvezeni halychany. (1916). Vyvezeni halychany [Exported Halicians]. Dilo, 25.01, 3. [in Ukrainian]
Wrobel, P. (1994). The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1867 – 1918. Austrian History Yearbook, XXV, 977–139. URL: http://www.jewishgen.org/ galicia/html/jews_of_galicia.pdf. [in English]
Yakhontov, A.N. (1926) Tyazhelye dni (Sekretnye zasedaniya Soveta ministrov 16 iyulya – 2 sentyabrya 1915 g.) [Hard days (Secret meetings of the Council of Ministers July 16 – September 2, 1915)]. Arkhiv russkoy revolyutsii (XVIII). Berlin. [in Russian]
Zakony i rasporyazheniya o bezhencah. (1916). Zakony i rasporyazheniya o bezhencah [Refugee laws and regulations]. Vyp. 1. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo yuridicheskogo otdela Glavnogo komiteta Vserossijskogo soyuza gorodov. 2-e izd., dop., 103 p. [in Russian]
Zhvanko, L.M. (2008). Bizhenstvo Pershoi svitovoi viiny: istoriohrafiia problemy chy problemy istorii? [World War I refugees: a historiography of a problem or a problem of history?]. Istoriohrafichni doslidzhennia v Ukraini – Historiographic studies in Ukraine, 18, 380–392. [in Ukrainian]
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
