AD FONTES: SOURCE CAPACITY OF THE FIRST GENERAL CENSUS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE POPULATION OF 1897
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.16.210903Keywords:
the Census of 1897, recalculation, social structure, mobility, consequences of modernizationAbstract
In fact, this situation with using the materials of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 determines the purpose of the article – to prove the fruitfulness of the Census results of 1897 for the analysis of a new, industrial society formation in sub-Russian Ukraine at the end of the ХІХth century and the crisis of the old class structure. The research methodology is determined by the fact that all demographic phenomena recorded by the Census of 1897are considered in the context of historical events and reflect their consequences, i.e., in this case it was an industrial modernization. The authors proceeded from the need to use new methods of calculating the Census results to analyze the social consequences of an industrial modernization in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, which are based on the adaptation of the demographic statistics methods to the processing of the Census data of 1897. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in historiography new methods have been used to recalculate the results of the Census of 1897 to characterize the trends and consequences of changes in the social structure of the society due to an industrial modernization. This allowed us to correct the existing in historiography ideas about the social consequences of the first post-reform 40th anniversary of 1861 – 1897. The Conclusions. Summing up, first of all, we note that the source analysis of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 is quite topical taking into account the preparation for the second, after the restoration of independence, demographic census in Ukraine. The Census materials are published, recognized as a reliable source of a historical demography and are widely used in the domestic and foreign historiography. However, the Census programme does not make it possible to record the social consequences of an industrial modernization and the crisis of the population class structure, and in historiography there are almost no attempts to list the results of the Census. Accordingly, the authors set a goal to analyze possible ways of recalculating the Census data of 1897.
The authors suggested the feasibility of using three methods of recalculating the Census results. The first one consists in grouping of 64 groups of population occupations, registered by the Census, into industrial clusters (groups) – civil service, public activities, finance, industry, construction, transport and communications, agriculture, services and traditional industries. On the example of the largest city in the Ukrainian provinces – Odesa, it was proved that the Census recorded considerable progress in forming the social structure of the industrial era, but the remnants of the past, traditional society remained significant (the correspondent observations were compared with other cities).
The second method aims at analyzing the mobility of the population, clarify the role of individual social sources in the formation of new strata of the society and urbanization. The method was used to analyze the data of Kharkiv province, especially Kharkiv and other major cities of the province. The method allowed to characterise the mobility of both the population as a whole and its individual states, the role of local people and migrants in the formation of industrial centers, the role of individual social groups in modernization processes.
The content of the third method is an attempt to overcome the main flaw of the Census programme of 1897 – the lack of information on the formation of new social groups and the collapse of the states of the Russian Empire. On the example of Katerynoslav and Kamyanets-Podilsky, the formation tendencies of the new social structure elements and disintegration of the old one were characterized.
In other words, the source analysis of the results of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 proves that its heuristic potential is far from exhausted, and the multiplicity of methods of its study (including recalculation of results) seems appropriate. The Census results make it possible to characterize the leading social consequences of the industrial modernization of the Russian Empire at the end of the ХІХth century.
References
Chornyi, D. M. (2007). Po livyi bik Dnipra: problemy modernizatsii mist Ukrainy (kinets XIX – pochatok XX st.) [On the Left Side from the Dnieper: Cities’ of Ukraine Modernization Problems (Late 19th – Early 20th Century)]. Kharkiv: KhNU imeni V. N. Karazina, 304 p. [in Ukrainian]
Chornyi, S. (2001). Natsionalnyi sklad naselennia Ukrainy v XX st. Dovidnyk. [National Composition of Ukraine’s Population in the 20th Century. Handbook]. Kyiv: DNVP “Kartohrafiia”, 88 p. [in Ukrainian]
Herlihi, P. (1999). Odesa. Istoriia mista, 1794 – 1914 [Odessa: A History 1794 – 1914]. Kyiv: Krytyka, 382 p. [in Ukrainian]
Konstantynova, V. M. (2010). Urbanizatsiia: pivdennoukrainskyi vymir (1861 – 1904 roky) [Urbanization: the South Ukrainian Dimension (1861 – 1904)]. Zaporizhzhia: AA Tandem, 596 p. [in Ukrainian]
Litvak, K. B. (1990). Perepis' naseleniya 1897 goda o krest'yanstve Rossii (istochnikovedcheskij aspekt) [1897 Census’ Information about Peasantry of Russia (Source Study Aspect)]. Istoriya SSSR – History of the USSR, (1), 114–126. [in Russian]
Lyubchenko, V. (2019). Etnosotsialʹnyy sklad misʹkoho naselennya ukrayinsʹkykh huberniy: sproba veryfikatsiyi danykh perepysu 1897 r. [Ethno-Social Composition of Urban Population of Ukrainian Provinces: an Attempt to Verify Data of the 1897 Census]. In O. P. Reyent (Ed.). Vid muriv do bulʹvariv: tvorennya modernoho mista v Ukrayini (kinetsʹ XVIII – pochatok XX st.). (pp. 188–228). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
Pervaya Vseobshchaya perepis' naseleniya Rossijskoj imperii. (in 89 vol., 119 books). (1905, vol. 3). Bessarabskaya guberniya. – XXІІІ, 253, [1] p., (1904, vol. 8). Volynskaya guberniya. – XX, 282 p., (1904, vol. 13). Ekaterinoslavskaya guberniya. – [5], XIV, 233, [1] p., (1904, vol. 16). Kievskaya guberniya. – [6], XІІ, 287 p., (1904, vol. 20). Kurskaya gubernіya. – [6], XVIII, 291 p., (1904, vol. 32). Podol'skaya guberniya. – [4], XІ, 285 p., (1904, vol. 33). Poltavskaya guberniya. – XXXIV, 315 p., (1904, vol. 41). Tavricheskaya guberniya. – [4], XXV, [1], 309, [1] p., (1904, vol. 46). Har'kovskaya guberniya. – [7], XVII, 297, [3] p., (1903, vol. 47, book 1). Gorod Odessa. – [4], XVII, 167 p., (1904, vol. 47, book 2). Hersonskaya guberniya. – 319, XIV p., (1905, vol. 48). Chernigovskaya guberniya. – [4], 24, [1], 341 p. [First General Census of the Russian Empire. Bessarabian Province. Volhynian Province. Ekaterinoslav Province. Kiev Province. Kursk Province. Podolian Province. Poltava Province. Tauride Province. Kharkov Province. The City of Odessa. Kherson Province. Chernigov Province]. Sankt-Peterburg: Izdanie Central'nogo statisticheskogo komiteta MVD. [in Russian]
Robak, I. Yu. (2009). Istorychni umovy orhanizatsii ta spetsyfika rozvytku okhorony zdorovia v Kharkovi (XVIII – pochatok XX st.). [Historical Conditions of Organization and Specifics of Health Care Development in Kharkov (18th – Early 20th Century)] (Doctor’s thesis). Kyiv, 438 p. [in Ukrainian]
Robak, I. Yu. (2007). Orhanizatsiia okhorony zdorovia v Kharkovi za imperskoi doby (pochatok KhVIII st. – 1916 r.) [Health Сare Organization in Kharkov during the Imperial Era (Early 18th Century – 1916)]. Kharkiv: KhDMU, 346 p. [in Ukrainian]
Savenok, L. A. (2014). Stvorennia Khersonskoi oblasti v konteksti administratyvno-terytorialnoho ustroiu modernoi Ukrainy [Creation of the Kherson Region in the Context of Administrative and Territorial Organization of Modern Ukraine]. 70-richnyi shliakh Khersonskoi oblasti – dosiahnennia i perspektyvy: materialy oblasnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii (pp. 6–10).Kherson. [in Ukrainian]
Turchenko, H. F. (2005). Pivdenna Ukraina na zlami epokh (1914 – 1922) [Southern Ukraine at the Turn of the Epochs (1914 – 1922)]. Zaporizhzhia: Prosvita, 324 p. [in Ukrainian]
Vodotyka, S. H. (2004). Zahalnyi perepys naselennia 1897 r. pro pidsumky sotsialno-ekonomichnoho rozvytku Khersona u poreformenu dobu [General Census of 1897 Information on the Results of Socio-economic Development of Kherson in the Post-Reform Era]. Naukovi zoshyty Khersonskoho kraieznavchoho muzeiu: Problemy arkheolohii, etnohrafii, istorii, istoriohrafii – Scientific Notebooks of the Kherson Museum of Local Lore: Problems of Archeology, Ethnography, History, Historiography. (pp. 8–12). Kherson. [in Ukrainian]
Vodotyka, T. (2013). Osoblyvosti modernizatsii nykh protsesiv u mistakh Naddniprianshchyny druhoi polovyny XIX st.: novi dzherelni poshuky [Features of Modernization Processes in Cities of Dnieper Ukraine in the Second Half of the 19th Century: New Source Rummage]. Rehionalna istoriia Ukrainy. Zb. nauk. statei – Regional History of Ukraine. Digest of scientific papers, (7), 159–172. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]
