PROPAGANDA AS A COMPONENT OF THE PROCESSES OF SOVIETIZATION OF THE TERRITORIES OF NORTHERN BUKOVYNA AND BESSARABIA (1944 – 1947)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.16.210891Keywords:
Sovietization, ambivalence, propaganda, reoccupationAbstract
The purpose of the article is to investigate the role of propaganda in the denationalization of the territories annexed to the USSR, which were previously part of Romania, the unification of all spheres of life, the new type of mindset planting and the Ukrainians everyday life. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, which allowed us to consider the problem in the context of general processes that took place in the territories annexed to the USSR, on the basis of the analysis of sources to identify specific features and specific historical conditions, to refute some false statements. The retrospective and analytical methods, the method of historiographic analysis and synthesis, the method of periodization and social psychology have been applied while presenting the material. The scientific novelty is an attempt to highlight the role of propaganda as a preventive means of a large-scale nature objectively, which allowed to establish control in the annexed territories. It has been proved that in the history of the Northern Bukovyna and Bessarabia Sovietization it is necessary to distinguish two different periods due to the consequences of the rule of two different Romanian regimes, the conditions of the war, and the struggle against the Ukrainian underground. It is shown that these processes took place in the context of the general unification of life. The Conclusions. Taking everything into considation, the main goal of the Sovietization processes in Northern Bukovyna and Bessarabia, which joined the USSR, was to achieve the most profound changes in mentality, perception of self-identity, distorted understanding of their own ethnogenesis. The propaganda campaigns were developed in accordance with the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) decisions, which went down to the party leadership of the republic. Diverse tools were used in order to keep everything under control at the annexed territories and prepare the masses for the state of being captured, for instance, the whole arsenal on means of influence was applied, party control over the periodicals and radio broadcasting, censorship of the repertoire of theaters, philharmonics, the historical science transformation into the instrument of consciousness manipulation, coverage of lecture groups by a large part of the population. At the same time, an information war was launched in order to discredit the “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists”. In addition, the authorities, aimed at strengthening its authority, speculated on the “national issue”, inciting hatred against the Romanians.References
Archivele Naționale ale Romaniei (NAR – National Archive of Romania).
Boiechko, V. D., Hanzha, O. I. & Zakharchuk, B. I. (1992). Kordony Ukrainy: istoriia ta problemy formuvannia [The Ukrainian Borders: History and Problems of Formation]. Ukrains`kyi istorychnyi zhurnal – Ukrainian Historical Journal, 1, 76–77. doi: 10/24919/2313-2094.5/37.102609 [in Ukrainian]
Colecţiunea. (1938). Colecţiunea de legi şi regulamente. T. XVI. Partea I: legi 1 ianuarie – 30 aprilie 1938. (pp. 59–62). Bucureşti: Monitorul oficial şi imprimerile statului. Imprimeria centrală. [in Romanian]
Derzhavnyi arkhiv Chernivetskoi oblasti (SACR – State Archives of Chernivtsi region).
Derzhavin, N. (1944). Proiskhozhdenie russkogo naroda: velikorusskogo, ukrainskogo, belorusskogo [The Rus’ People Origin: the Great Russians, the Ukrainians, the Belarusians]. Moskva: Sovetskaya nauka, 124 p. [in Russian]
General Ion Antonescu. (1941). Proclamaţia către ţară. Monitorul Oficial, 145, 22 iunie. [in Romanian]
Hamangiu, S. (ed.). (1939). Codul General al Romăniei (Volume I–XXX, Vol. XXVI). Bucureşti: Monitorul oficial şi imprimerile statului. Imprimeria central, 1350 p. [in Romanian].
Hamangiu, С. (ed.). (1942). Codul General al Romăniei (Vol. I–XXX, Vol. V. XXIX). Bucureşti: Monitorul oficial şi imprimerile statului. Imprimeria centrală, 1890 p. [in Romanian].
Ilnytskyi, V. & Kantor, N. (2019). Establishment of the soviet administration in the Carpathian region through the use of the open forms of punishment (1944 – 1954). Skhidnoievropeiskyi Istorychnyi Visnyk [East European Historical Bulletin], 10, 181–192. doi: 10.24919/2519-058x.10.159174. [in English]
Koval, V. (2012). Transformatsii derzhavnoho upravlinnia polietnichnistiu v Ukraini u period panuvannia radiansko-bilshovytskoho totalitaryzmu (1930 – 1950 rr.) [The Transformations of Public Administration of Polyethnicity in Ukraine during the Soviet-Bolshevik Totalitarianism Domination (1930 – 1950)]. Aktualni problemy derzhavnoho upravlinnia, (1), 17–21. [in Ukrainian]
Kosminskiy, Ye. A. (ed.). (1942). Prepodavanie istorii v usloviyakh Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny: metodicheskoe posobie dlya uchiteley sredney shkoly [Teaching History under the Conditions of the Eastern Front: a Methodological Guide for the Secondary School Teachers]. Tashkent: Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo UzSSR, 55 p. [in Russian]
Lasvel, G. (1929). Tekhnika propagandy v mirovoy voyne [The Propaganda Technique in World War]. Moskva: Gosizdat, 199 p. [in Russian]
Lytvyn, K. Z. (1946). Pro stan i zavdannia ideolohichnoi roboty na Ukraini (Skorochena stenohrama dopovidi na sesii AN URSR) [The Ideological Work State and Tasks in Ukraine]. Visti AN URSR, 9–10. [in Ukrainian]
Mavrodin, V. V. (1946). Drevnyaya Rus: (Proiskhozhdenie russkogo naroda i obrazovanie Kievskogo gosudarstva) [The Ancient Rus: (The Rus’ People Origin and Kyiv state formation)]. Moskva: OGIZ, Gospolitizdat, 312 p. [in Russian]
Mavrodin, V. V. (1941). Obrazovanie russkogo natsionalnogo gosudarstva [The Russian National State Formation]. Leningrad: OGIZ, Sotsekgiz, 208 p. [in Russian]
Myshchak, I. M. (2009). Sotsialno-ekonomichni ta kulturni peretvorennia na zakhidnoukrainskykh zemliakh pislia vkliuchennia yikh do skladu URSR: novitnia istoriohrafiia [The Socio-economic and Cultural Transformations in the Western Ukrainian Lands after their Incorporation into the USSR: The Latest Historiography]. Istoryko-heohrafichni doslidzhennia v Ukraini, 11, 276–287. [in Ukrainian]
Myshchak, I. M. (2007) Stanovyshche Pivnichnoi Bukovyny ta Bessarabii u skladi Rumunii pered pryiednanniam do Ukrainskoi RSR: istoriohrafiia [The Northern Bukovyna and Bessarabia Position as The Part of Romania before joining the Ukrainian SSR: The Historiography]. Spetsialni istorychni dystsypliny: pytannia teorii ta metodyky, 15, 222–232. [in Ukrainian]
Mishchanyn, V. V. (2018). Radianizatsiia Zakarpattia 1944 – 1950 rr. [The Transcarpathia Sovietization in 1944 – 1950]. Uzhhorod: TOV “RIK-U”, 644 p. [in Ukrainian]
Mishchanyn, V. V. (2016). “Vyzvolennia”, “vozz’iednannia” i “radianizatsiia” Zakarpattia v 1944 – 1950 rr. [Transcarpathia “Liberation”, “Reunification” and “Sovietization” in 1944 – 1950]. Literatura ta kultura Polissia, (83), 66–81. [in Ukrainian]
Pater, I. H. (2015 – 2016). Ideolohichno-propahandystskyi nastup stalinskoho rezhymu na halychan (1944 – 1953) [The Stalin’s Regime Ideological and Propagandistic Offensive Against the Galicians (1944 – 1953)]. Novitnia doba, (3–4), 35–58. [in Ukrainian]
Pro vydannia. (1944). Pro vydannia Ukrainskoi Radianskoi Entsyklopedii: Postanova RNK URSR i TsK KP(b)U [The Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia Publication: Resolution issued by the SNC of the USSR and the Central Committee of the KP(b)U]. Radianska Ukraina, 224, 1. [in Ukrainian]
Saifulina, Yu. V. (2008). Radianizatsiia Pivnichnoi Bukovyny u 1940 – 1941 rr.: administratyvno-pravovyi aspekt [The Northern Bukovyna Sovietization in 1940 – 1941: The Administrative and Legal Aspect]. Universytetski naukovi zapysky, (4), 58–64. [in Ukrainian]
Smolii, V. A. (ed.) (1996). U leshchatakh totalitaryzmu: Pershe dvadtsiatyrichchia Instytutu istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy (1936 – 1956 rr.) [In the Grip of Totalitarianism: The First Twentieth Anniversary of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1936 – 1956)] (vol. I.). Kyiv (w. p.), 247 p. [in Ukrainian]
Sokhan, P. (ed.). (2001). Litopys UPA: Borotba proty UPA i natsionalistychnoho pidpillia: dyrektyvni dokumenty TsK Kompartii Ukrainy 1943 – 1959 : Dokumenty i materialy (v 30 t., T. 3) [The Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chronicle: The Struggle against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Nationalist Underground: the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Directive Documents 1943 – 1959: Documents and Materials (in 30 vols., Vol. 3)]. Kyiv–Toronto: Litopys UPA, 647 p. [in Ukrainian]
Stalin, I. V. (1943). O Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne Sovetskogo Soyuza [On Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War]. Moskva: Politicheskaya literature, 128 p. [in Russian]
Scurtu, I., Mocanu, C. & Smârcea, D. (1995). Documente privind istoria României între anii 1918 – 1944. Bucureşti, 732 p. [in Romanian]
Troncotă, C., Constantiniu, F. (1997). Mihail Moruzov şi Serviciul Secret de Informaţii al Armatei Romana. Bucureşti: Editura INI, 530 p. [in Romanian]
Udaltsov, A. D. (1943). Nachalnyy period vostochnoslavyanskogo etnogeneza [The East Slavic Ethnogenesis Initial Period]. Istoricheskiy zhurnal, 11–12, 70–79. [in Russian]
Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi arkhiv hromadskykh ob’iednan Ukraine (CSAPOU – The Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine)
Yusova, N. M. (2004). Vozz’iednannia ukrainskykh zemel i aktualizatsiia problemy pokhodzhennia ukrainskoi narodnosti v radianskii istoriohrafii: 1939 – 1947 rr. (u svitli novykh arkhivnykh dzherel) [The Ukrainian Lands Reunification and the Ukrainian Nation Origin Issue Actualization in the Soviet Historiography: 1939 – 1947 (in the light of new archival sources)]. Spetsialni istorychni dystsypliny: pytannia teorii ta metodyky, 11, 174–208. [in Ukrainian]
