IMPOSITION OF THE STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE USSR DURING THE GERMAN-SOVIET WAR (1941 – 1945)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.15.204973Keywords:
the German-Soviet War, State Defense Committee, state of emergency, military facilities, state of siege.Abstract
The purpose of the research is to analyze the special aspects of imposition and implementation of the state of emergency within the USSR during the German-Soviet War (1941 – 1945). The methodology of the research is based on the principles of scientificity, historism, authorial objectivity, the use of general (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is the reconstruction of the process of the state of emergency imposing during the German-Soviet War 1941 – 1945 based on the analyzed documents. The Conclusions. It has been found out that the State Defense Committee (GKO), which became the main military-economic center of the USSR and ensured the process of mobilization, creation of new military units and switch of economy and agriculture to a war footing, played a pivotal role in the realization of the state of emergency. The priority was given to the mass evacuation of valuable property and population, the establishment of new enterprises manufacturing military goods. It has been illustrated in the research that the Soviet government used emergency measures for manufacture intensification through increasing working hours, production standard and calling citizens for labour service. The attention was drawn to the formation of local emergency bodies, such as the commission for urban defense, which were tasked with mustering defense of settlements, maintaining order and bringing provocateurs, spies and hostile agents to the Military Tribunal. It is proved that GKO activities across the Ukrainian lands liberated from the Nazi invaders didn’t contribute to the stabilization of the lives of the people, taking into account deportations, “cleans” and creation of the conditions for a man-made famine of 1946. It has been noted in the research that imposition of the state of emergency was an important element for the restructuring of the Soviet system of government and public administration in the context of wartime. And the GKO with its exclusive powers in all areas of the social and political life of the country, economy, agriculture and transport was the main body developing and implementing the state of emergency.
References
Belanyuk, M. V. (2011). Іstoriko-pravovіaspektyіnformatsіynohoprotyborstva v umovakh voennoho stanu (1941 – 1942 rr.) [Historical and legal aspects of information warfare in the martial law conditions (1941 – 1942)]. Іnformatsіya і pravo, 3, 134–141. [in Ukrainian]
Bondarenko, D. V. (2005). Yuridicheskaya otvetstvennost v usloviyakh voennogo polozheniya (na opyte velikoy otechestvennoy voyny 1941 – 1945 gg.) [Legal liability in martial law (in the experience of the Great Patriotic War 1941 – 1945)]. (Candidate’s thesis). Moskva, 223 p. [in Russian]
Cherepanova, Ye. V. (2005). Perestroyka sistemy vlasti i gosudarstvennogo upravleniya SSSR v pervyy period Velikoy Otechestvennoyvoyny (iyun 1941 g. – noyabr 1942 g.) [The restructuring of the system of power and public administration of the USSR in the first period of World War II (June 1941 – November 1942)]. (Candidate’s thesis).Moskva, 200 p. [in Russian]
Deryugin, O. O. (2007). Chrezvychaynye pravovye rezhimy Velikoy otechestvennoy voyny [Extraordinary legal regimes of the Great Patriotic War]. Izvestiya Rossiyskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta im. A. I. Gertsena, 46–49. [in Russian]
Filimoshin, M. V. (1999). Lyudskiepoterivooruzhennykhsil SSSR [Human losses of the armed forces of the USSR]. Mir Rossii, 4, 92–101. [in Russian]
Fomin, A. A. (2006). Istoricheskieetapyrazvitiyachrezvychaynogozakonodatelstva v Rossii (konets XIX – XX vv.) [The historical stages of the development of emergency legislation in Russia (end of the XIXth – XXth centuries)]. Istoriya gosudarstva i prava, 3, 29–32. [in Russian]
Glantz, D. (2001). The Soviet-German War 1941 – 1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay. Clemson, 114 p. [in English]
Halunko, V. V. (2008). Okhorona prava vlasnostі: admіnіstrativno-pravovіaspekti [Protection of property rights: administrative and legal aspects]. Kherson: KhMD. 348 p. [in Ukrainian]
Hrynevych, V. A. (1991). Utvorennia Narkomatu oborony URSR u 1944 r.: z іstorіi odnіеі polіtychnoі gry [Approved by the People’s Commissariat of Defense of the URSR in 1944: from the history of the political game]. Ukrainskiy іstorychniy zhurnal, 5, 29–37.[in Ukrainian]
Isaev, A. V. (2005). “Kotly” 41-go. Istoriya Velikoy otechstvennoy voyni, kotoruyu my ne znali [“Surround” of the 41. The history of the Great Patriotic War, which we did not know]. Moskva: Eksmo; Yauza, 400 p. [in Russian]
Koval, M. V. (1999). Ukraina v Drugіy і VelikіyVіtchiznianіyvіynakh (1939 – 1945 pp.) [Ukraine in the Other and Great World War (1939 – 1945)]. Kyiv: Alternativi, 336 p. [in Ukrainian]
Limanskaya, A. P. (2015). Spetsialnye pravovye rezhimy: obshcheteoreticheskiy analiz [Special legal regimes: a general theoretical analysis]. (Extended abstract of Candidate’s thesis). Saratov, 50 p. [in Russian]
Lunev, A. Ye. (1961). Administrativnaya otvetstvennost za pravonarusheniya [Administrative liability for offenses]. Moskva: Gosyurizdat, 1961, 186 p. [in Russian]
Magaziner, Ya. M. (1911). Chrezvychayno-ukaznoepravo v Rossii [Emergency Law in Russia]. Sankt-Peterburg, 173 p. [in Russian]
Meltyukhov, M. I. (2008). Nachalnyy period v dokumentakhvoennoykontrrazvedki (22 iyunya – 9 iyulya 1941 g.) [The initial period in the documents of military counterintelligence (June 22 – July 9, 1941)]. In Tragediya 1941-go. Prichinykatastrofy (pp. 5–97). Moskva: Yauza; Eksmo. [in Russian]
Newton, S. (2015). Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge. New York: Routledge, 300 p. [in English]
Overy, R. (1998). Russia’s War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941 – 1945. Penguin Publishing Group, 432 р. [in English]
Parrish, M. (1996). The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939 – 1953. Westport: Praeger, 456 p. [in English]
Patryliak, І. K. (2016). Mіzh dvoma provallyami: Ukraina v roki drugoi svіtovoi vіyni […]. Problemy vsesvіtnoi іstorіi, 1, 169–182.[in Ukrainian]
Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939 – 1953. Yale: Yale University Press, 468 р. [in English]
Sbornik zakonov. (1956). Sbornikzakonov SSSR i ukazov PrezidiumaVerkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1938 g. – iyul 1956 g. [Collection of USSR laws and decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1938 – July 1956]. Moskva: Gosyurizdat, 500 p. [in Russian]
Stepanov, T. Yu. (2010). Organy i voyska NKVD SSSR v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne 1941 – 1945 gg. [Bodies and troops of the NKVD of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 – 1945]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/organy-i-voyska-nkvd-sssr-v-velikoy-otechestvennoy-voyne-1941-1945-gg [in Russian]
Vaupshasov, S. A. (1961). Partizanskaya khronika [Partisan Chronicle]. Moskva: Voenizdat, 132 p. [in Russian]
Vronska, T. V., Lysenko, O. Ye. & Shandra, O. І. (2017). Rezhimi voennoho ta nadzvychaynoho stanu na ukrainskykh zemlyakh u drugіy polovynі XIX – napochatku XX st.: retrospektyvniy analіz rosіyskoho іmperskogo zakonodavstva [Regimes of martial law and the state of emergency in the Ukrainian lands in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries: a retrospective analysis of Russian imperial legislation]. Ukrainskiy іstorichniy zhurnal, 5, 40–54. [in Ukrainian]
Wood, A. (2004). Stalin and Stalinism (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge, 128 p. [in English]
Zhukov, G. K. (2002). Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya.V 2 t. T. 1 [Memoirs and reflections. In 2 Vols., V. 1]. Moskva: OLMA-PRYeSS, 415 p. [in Russian]
