IDENTIFICATION OF ANTI-COMMUNIST RESISTANCE IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA(METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.13.188652Keywords:
anti-communist resistance and its identification, methodology of the problem, anti-regime activities, CzechoslovakiaAbstract
The aim of the study is to show the problems associated with identification of anti-communist resistance in Czechoslovakiaandto suggest a methodological concept to address them. The research methodology is based on theoretical generalization of a multiannual core empirical research work. The scientific contribution is evident in the proposed methodological conception of searching for the phenomenon of anti-communist resistance in a specific historical area,not only in a connotation with the repressive measures taken by the regime, but especially in its share in the overall weakening of the regime and, eventually, its demise. The analytical core research would be “blind” and “deaf”, if it wouldn’t be framed by a synthesis. This suggests, in addition, the possibility of identifying the degree ofaccountability of the anti-communist resistance to the downfall of the regime, and thus the possible correction of the wording of Slovak Act No. 219/2006 on the Anti-Communist Resistance. The conclusions.The methodical concept of directing anti-communist resistance research indicated by the study enables understanding of the anti-communist resistance in a broader sense, including not only visibly organised anti-regime activities, but also a wide range of spontaneously emerging non-political activities.These activities gradually mutated, under the influence of a series of facts, into politicized manifestations of dissatisfactionsignificantly differentiated (so much so, that they could perceive each other as hostile). An opportunity to find out how the indicated resistance in all its wide-spectrum form had infiltrated into individual components and structures of the society and social groups, and thus significantly contributed to the weakening of the social base of the regime, offers itself.
References
1988. Rok pred zmenou. (2009). 1988. Rok pred zmenou. Zborník a dokumenty [1988. TheYearPrior to Change. ConferenceProceedings and Documents]. Ed. P. Balun. Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Archiv bezpečnostní chsložek (ABS) Praha [SSA– Security Services Archive, Prague].
Archív Ministerstva vnútra Slovenskej republiky (AMV SR) v Levoči [AMISR–Archive of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic in Levocha].
Archív Ústavu pamäti národa (AÚPN), Bratislava [AINR– Archive of the Institute of National Remembrance, Bratislava]. [in Slovak]
Babka, L., & Veber, V. (eds.). (2002). Za svobodu a demokracii 3. Třetí (protikomunistický) odboj [FortheFreedom and Democracy 3. TheThird (Anti-Communist) Resistance]. Hradec Králové: Ústav filosofie a společenskýchvěd v nakladatelství M&V. [in Czech]
Balun, P. (2009). Štátnobezpečnostná situácia na Slovensku v roku 1988 [State-Security Situation in Slovakia in 1988]. In 1988. Rok pred zmenou. Zborník a dokumenty [1988. TheYear Prior to Change.ConferenceProceedings and Documents]. Ed. P. Balun (pp. 10–40). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Bobák, J. (2012). Rudolf Komandera. Denník 1945 – 1947[Rudolf Komandera. 1945 – 1947 Diary].Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Budaj, J. (2009). Rok 1988 [1988]. In 1988. Rok pred zmenou. Zborník a dokumenty[1988. TheYear Prior to Change.ConferenceProceedings and Documents]. Ed. P. Balun (pp. 110–120). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa, 2009. [in Slovak]
Bursík, T. (2010). Diskuse nad třetímodbojem. Pokus o struční nástin problému [Discussion on theThirdResistance. Attempt at a BriefOutline of theIssue]. In Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a vestředníEvropě [Resistance and OppositionAgainsttheCommunistRegime in Czechoslovakia and CentralEurope] (pp. 17–26). Praha: Ústav pro studiumtotalitníchrežimů. [in Czech]
Dubovský, P. (2012). Hnutie za občiansku slobodu na Slovensku [Civil FreedomMovement in Slovakia]. In Protikomunistický odboj v strednej a východnej Európe [Anti-Communist Resistance in Central and Eastern Europe]. Ed. P. Jašek (pp. 209–219). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa, 2012. [in Slovak]
Ďurčanský, F. (1991–1992). Biela kniha I.-IV [WhiteBook I.-IV]. Trenčín: Vydavateľstvo Ivan Štelcer. [in Slovak]
Jablonický, J. (2000). Podoby násilia [Forms of Violence]. Bratislava: Kalligram. [in Slovak]
Kirschbaum, J. (1994). Zmysel a cieľ našej zahraničnej činnosti [TheMeaning and Aim of ourForeignActivities]. In Kalendár Slovenského kultúrneho spolku [Calendar of the Slovak Cultural Association]. (pp. 42–45). Buenos Aires 1977. [in Slovak]
Kmeť, N. (2010). Formy odporu cirkví a veriacich [ResistanceFormsof Churches and Believers]. In Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a vestředníEvropě[Resistance and OppositionAgainsttheCommunistRegime in Czechoslovakia and CentralEurope]. (pp. 175 – 190). Praha: Ústav pro studiumtotalitníchrežimů, 2010. [in Slovak]
Krejčí, O. (2014). Sametovárevoluce [VelvetRevolution]. Praha: Professional Publishing. [in Czech].
Lettrich, J. (1993). Dejiny novodobého Slovenska [History of Modern Slovakia]. 2. vyd. [2ndedition] Turany: Nadácia Dr. Jozefa Lettricha – Múzeum SNP. [in Slovak]
Letz, R. (1994). Slovensko v rokoch 1945 – 1948. Na ceste ku komunistickej totalite[Slovakia in 1945 – 1948. On theWay to a CommunistTotalitarianism]. Bratislava: Ústredie slovenskej kresťanskej inteligencie v Bratislave. [in Slovak]
Letz, R. (2008). Odkaz živým: prípad Albert Púčik a spol.[Message to theLiving: The Albert Púčik et al. Case]. Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa, 2008. [in Slovak]
Letz, R. (2010). Draho milovaní moji. Korešpondencia Alberta Púčika 1944 – 1951 [My DearlyBeloved. The 1944 – 1951 Correspondence of Ablert Púčik]. Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Letz, R. (2017). Slovenský exil a komunizmus v európskom kontexte [The Slovak Exile and Communism in European Context]. In Politický exil z krajín strednej a východnej Európy. Motívy, stratégie, aktivity a perspektívy na Východe a Západe 1945 – 1989[Political Exile from Central and Eastern European Countries. Motives, Strategies, Activities and Perspectives in the East and West between 1945 and 1989]. Ed. P. Jašek (pp. 19–42). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Lorenc, A. (1992). Ministerstvo strachu? Neskartované spomienky generála Lorenca[Ministry of Fear? General Lorenc’s Unshred Memoirs]. Bratislava: Tatrapress. [in Slovak]
Medvecký, M. (2013). Bobák, J.: Rudolf Komandera. Denník 1945 – 1947 [Bobák, J.: Rudolf Komandera. 1945 – 1947 Diary]. Pamäť národa, IX, (3), 119–124. [in Slovak]
Mikloško, F. (1991). Nebudete ich môcť rozvrátiť. Z osudu katolíckej cirkvi na Slovensku v rokoch 1943–89 [YouWon’tbeAble to CrushThem. From the Fate of the Catholic Church in Slovakia in 1943–89]. Bratislava: Archa, 1991 [in Slovak].
Odboj a odpor proti komunistickému režimu v Československu a vestředníEvropě. Sborník k mezinárodníkonferenci, pořádané v Prazevednech 15.-16. dubna 2009 [Resistance and OppositionAgainsttheCommunistRegime in Czechoslovakia and CentralEurope. Proceedingsfromthe International Conference Held in Praguebetween 15 and 16 April 2009]. Praha: Ústav pro studiumtotalitníchrežimů. [in Czech end Slovak]
Otáhal, M. (1994). Opozice, moc, společnost 1969 – 1989. Příspěvek k dějinám „normalizace“ [Opposition, Power, Society 1969 – 1989. Contribution to theHistory of “Normalization“ ]. Praha: Ústav pro sůdobédějiny AV ČR, 1994. [in Czech]
Slovenský národný archív (SNA), Bratislava [SNA – Slovak National Archives,Bratislava].
Sommer, V. (2012). Cesta ze slepé uličky „třetího odboje“. Koncepty rezistencie a studium socialistické diktatúry v Československu [TheWayOut of theThirdResistance’sDead End. Concepts of Resistance and the Study of SocialistDictatorship in Czechoslovakia]. Soudobédějiny, XIX (1), 30. [in Czech]
Špetko, J. (1994). Slovenská politická emigrácia v 20. storočí [Slovak PoliticalEmigration in the 20thCentury]. Praha: Danobius. [in Slovak].
Varinský, V. (2003). Jozef Vicen a Biela légia[Jozef Vicen and theWhiteLegion].Banská Bystrica: FHV UMB. [in Slovak].
Varinský, V. (2006). Vznik organizácií Bielej légie na Slovensku [Establishment of theWhiteLegionOrganizations in Slovakia]. In Kapitolami najnovších slovenských dejín. K 70. narodeninám PhDr. Michala Barnovského, DrSc.[ThroughtheChapters of theModern Slovak History. Dedicated to PhDr. Michal Barnovský, DrSc. ontheOccasion of his 70thBirthday].Eds. J. Pešek, E. Ivaničková (pp. 171–188). Bratislava: HÚ SAV. [in Slovak]
Varinský, V. (2009) Identifikácia protikomunistického odboja a jeho podoby v povojnovom období [Identification of Anti-Communist Resistance and its Forms in the Post-War Period]. In M. Syrný a kol.: Kolaborácia a odboj na Slovensku a v krajinách nemeckej sféry vplyvu v rokoch 1939 – 1945 [M. Syrný et al.: Collaboration and Resistance in Slovakia and the CountriesunderGermanInfluence in 1939 – 1945]. (pp. 409–420). Banská Bystrica: Múzeum SNP. [in Slovak]
Varinský, V. (2012). Protikomunistické aktivity profesora Kolakoviča a „Rodiny“ [Anti-CommunistActivities of ProfessorKolakovič and the „Family“]. In Protikomunistický odboj v strednej a východnej Európe [Anti-CommunistResistance in Central and Eastern Europe]. (pp. 20–38). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Varinský, V. (2014). Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 – 1960) [ChaptersfromtheHistory of Collectivization in Slovakia (1948 – 1960)]. Banská Bystrica: Belianum, 2014. [in Slovak]
Varinský, V. (2017) Protikomunistické aktivity exilovej Bielej légie v rokoch 1949 – 1955 [Anti-CommunistActivities of the Exile WhiteLegion in 1949 – 1955]. In Politický exil z krajín strednej a východnej Európy. Motívy, stratégie, aktivity a perspektívy na Východe a Západe 1945 – 1989[[Political Exile from Central and Eastern European Countries. Motives, Strategies, Activities and Perspectives in the East and West between 1945 and 1989].Ed. P. Jašek (pp. 43–61). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
Vaško, V. (1986). Profesor Kolakovič [ProfessorKolakovič]. Bratislava: Charis, spol. s r. o. [in Slovak]
Veber, V. (2012). Třetí odboj v ČSR a rok 1956 [TheThirdResistance in Czechoslovakia and 1956]. In Protikomunistický odboj v strednej a východnej Európe[Anti-CommunistResistance in Central and EasternEurope]. Ed. P. Jašek (pp. 343–352). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Czech]
Zákon č. 125/1996 Z. z. o nemorálnosti a protiprávnosti komunistického režimu [Act No. 125/1996 Coll. on the Immorality and Illegality of the Communist Regime]. On-line: http://www.upn.gov.sk/data/pdf/125-1996.pdf. [in Slovak].
Zákon č. 219/2006 Z. z. o protikomunistickom odboji. In Zbierka zákonov č. 219/2006, s. 1278[Act No. 219/2006Coll. on the Anti-Communist Resistance. InCollection of Laws No. 219/2006, p. 1278]. On-line: www.zbierka.sk. [in Slovak]
Zelenay, A. (2012). Švajčiarski Slováci spájali boj proti komunistickej diktatúre so zápasom o vlastný štát [Swiss Slovaks Associated the Battle Against the Communist Dictatorship with the Struggle for Their Own State]. In Protikomunistický odboj v strednej a východnej Európe [Anti-CommunistResistance in Central and EasternEurope]. Ed. P. Jašek (pp. 905–912). Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa. [in Slovak]
