POLISH TEACHERS IN EASTERN GALICIA UNDER THE NAZI OCCUPATION (1941 – 1944)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.9.150354Keywords:
Polish teachers, Eastern Galicia, Nazi occupation, social status, «secret training», salvation of JewsAbstract
The aim of the research is to analyze the social situation of Polish teachers in Eastern Galicia during the Nazi occupation (1941 – 1944). The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, system-formation, scientific character, verification, the author’s objectivity, moderated narrative constructivism, and the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and specially-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic, etc.) methods. The scientific novelty. The number of Polish teachers, their social and financial situation in Eastern Galicia during the years of Nazi occupation is being explored for the first time in this article. Conclusions. Thus, the number of Polish teachers in Eastern Galicia was inferior to the Ukrainian ones, however, some time even increased quantitatively, reaching peak numbers in late 1942. Subsequently, due to the closure of schools and difficult material conditions, its number decreased. The financial situation of the teacher was extremely unsatisfactory – his salary varied within 200 zł. that by that time, in the conditions of inflation, high cost and curtailment of trade, was absolutely insufficient to provide even basic human needs in food, clothing and housing. Despite difficult economic and political circumstances, Polish teachers took an active part in the activities of the Polish underground (in the system of «secret training»), the struggle against the Nazi regime, in particular saving the Galician Jews from genocide.
References
Antoniuk, 1997 – Antoniuk N. V. Ukrainske kulturne zhyttia v Heneralnii Hubernii (1939 – 1944 roky) [Ukrainian cultural life in theGeneralProvince(1939 – 1944)]. Lviv, 1997. 232 s. [in Ukrainian].
Vydacha, 1941 – Vydacha tsukru i muky [The giving of sugar and flour] // Vilne slovo [Free word]. 1941. № 65. – S. 1. [in Ukrainian].
Visnyk, 1943 – Visnyk Ukrainskoho Tsentralnoho Komitetu [Bulletin of the Ukrainian Central Committee]. 1943. Ch. 4/42. [in Ukrainian].
Haliv, 2010 – Haliv M. Mizh serpomolotom i svastykoiu: osvita na Drohobychchyni u 1939 – 1944 rr. [Between the sickle-hammer and the swastika: education in Drogobych region in 1939 – 1944.]. Drohobych: PP «Kolo», 2010. 337 s. [in Ukrainian].
Hladylovych, 1941 – Hladylovych A. Nova kartkova systema kharchuvannia [New Card System of nourishment] // Vilne slovo [Free word]. 1941. № 63. S. 4. [in Ukrainian].
DALO – Derzhavnyi arkhiv Lvivskoi oblasti [State Archive of Lviv Region]. [in Ukrainian and German].
Naperedodni, 1941 – Naperedodni navchalnoho roku [On the eve of the school year] // Sambirski visti [Sambir News]. 1941. Ch. 14. S. 1. [in Ukrainian].
Narodnie shkilnytstvo, 1942 – Narodnie shkilnytstvo v Stryiskii okruzi [Elementary school in the Stryi county] // Stryiski visti [Stryi News]. 1942. № 13. S. 3. [in Ukrainian].
Oholoshennia, 1942 – Oholoshennia (kharchovi kartky vydaiutsia v miskomu kharchovomu viddili) [An announcements (food cards are issued in the city food department)] // Drohobytske slovo [Drohobych word]. 1942. № 36. S. 4. [in Ukrainian].
Persha platnia, 1941 – Persha platnia vchyteliv [The first salary of teachers] // Sambirski visti [Sambir News]. 1941. Ch. 29. S. 4. [in Ukrainian].
Pravednyky, 2016 – Pravednyky narodiv svitu: Dovidnyk [The Righteous Among the Peoples of the World: A Handbook] / Za red. I. Ya. Shchupaka. Dnipro: Ukrainskyi instytut vyvchennia Holokostu «Tkuma», 2016. 224 s. [in Ukrainian].
Stefaniuk, 2004 – Stefaniuk H.V. Shkilnytstvo v Zakhidnii Ukraini pid chas nimetskoi okupatsii (1941–1944 rr.): Dys... kand. ist. nauk [Schooling in Western Ukraine during the German Occupation (1941-1944): dissertation]. Ivano-Frankivsk, 2004. 215 s. [in Ukrainian].
Shkoly, 1941 – Shkoly v Sambirshchyni [Schools in Sambir county] // Sambirski visti [Sambir News]. 1941. Ch. 25. S. 3. [in Ukrainian].
Budzyński, 2005 – Budzyński W. Miasto Schulza [The city of Schulz]. Warszawa, 2005. 453 s. [in Polish].
Hryciuk, 1994 – Hryciuk G. Polacy w Małopolsce Wshodniej wobec okupacji niemieckiej. Przyczynek do prób wprowadzenia «elastycznego kursu» w Dystrykcie Galicji w latach 1943 – 1944 [Poles in Eastern Małopolska against the German occupation. A contribution to the attempts to introduce a «flexible course» in the «Galicia» district in 1943 – 1944] // Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis: Historia, CXVI. Wrocław, 1994. S. 307 – 316. [in Polish].
Krasuski, 1977 – Krasuski J. Tajne szkolnictwo polskie w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939 – 1945 [Secret Polish education during the Nazi occupation 1939 – 1945]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1977. 411 s. [in Polish].
Król, 1979 – Król E.C. Polityka hitlerowska wobec szkolnictwa polskiego na terenie Generalnej guberni (1939 – 1945) [Hitler's policy towards Polish education in the General Province (1939 – 1945)]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1979. 243 s. [in Polish].
Majewski, 2005 – Majewski P. Wojna i kultura: instytucje kultury polskiej w okupacyjnych realiach Generalnego Gubernatorstwa 1939 – 1945 [War and culture: institutions of Polish culture in the occupation realities of the General Province 1939 – 1945]. Warszawa: Trio, 2005. 431 s. [in Polish].
Matusak, 1997 – Matusak P. Edukacja i kultura Polski Podziemnej 1939 – 1945 [Education and culture of Polish Underground in 1939 – 1945]. Siedlce, 1997. 562 s. [in Polish].
Świeboda, 1976 – Świeboda J. Zarys historii tajnej oświaty w latach ocupacji hitlerowskiej w powiecie przemyskim [Outline of the history of secret education in the years of Nazi persecution in the Przemyśl county] // Rocznik komisji nauk pedagogicznych PAN [Yearbook of the educational sciences commissions of thePolishAcademyof Sciences]. 1976. T. XIX. Cz. X. S. 183 – 193. [in Polish].
Walczak, 1974 – Walczak M. Nauczyciele wielkopolscy w latach wojny i okupacji 1939 – 1945 [Teachers from Wielkopolska during the war and occupation 1939 – 1945]. Poznan: Instytut Zachodni, 1974. 203 p. [in Polish].
