EAST EUROPEAN HISTORICAL BULLETIN

IN A FRIENDLY CIRCLE: (IN)FORMAL ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL (AUXILIARY) HISTORICAL DISCIPLINES IN LVIV IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – 20th CENTURIES

Oleksandr TSELUYKO — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to study the formation peculiarities and functioning of the scholars’ environment who conducted lectures on special (auxiliary) historical disciplines in Lviv in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that information on the activity of scientific and public societies of Lviv, related to the development of special (auxiliary) historical disciplines, has been systematized and analyzed comprehensively, and patterns of their development have been elucidated for the first time. The Methodology of the Research. General scientific methods of empirical research, theoretical research, methods of historiographical analysis have been applied. The Conclusions. Despite a long tradition of teaching special (auxiliary) historical disciplines in Lviv, the activities of the renowned Ukrainian and Polish scholars led to the establishment of the first professional societies at the beginning of the 20th century. The Heraldic Society was organized in the city, and an informal group of local members of Krakow Numismatic and Archaeological Society functioned at the time. The activities of these associations proved the overcoming of a certain atomization in this environment, transition to more organized forms of activity, involvement of not only professional historians, but also amateurs. When Lviv branch of the Polish Heraldic Society operated in the city, and the Union of Lviv Numismatists was founded, the traditions of such work carried on during the interwar period. The result of their work was the growth of interest in Numismatics, Heraldry, Sphragistics and Genealogy, the emergence of publications on the pages of the local periodicals, and the publication of new professional journals. There was a certain, noticeable decline in the activity of such professional associations in the 1930s, due to financial issues, activity of a number of other professional historical associations in the city, and a narrow national character of their composition. The experience of these societies, as well as T. Shevchenko Scientific Society, was shared during the organization of the Theoretical Seminar on Source Studies and Special (Auxiliary) Historical Disciplines in 1961, which operated for two decades at the Historical Archive in Lviv. The Theoretical Seminar not only became a continuation of those formal and informal associations of scholars, who worked in the city until September of 1939, but also formed a new generation of the Ukrainian professionals in special (auxiliary) historical disciplines.

Key words: special (auxiliary) historical disciplines, Heraldic Society, Union of Lviv Numismatists,
Theoretical Seminar on Source Studies and Special (Auxiliary) Historical Disciplines.

DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN ARCHEOLOGY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – 30s OF THE 20th CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN’S HISTORY: A SOURCE-BASED REVIEW

Natalia SHKODA — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to analyze the source base of the activity issue of the Ukrainian women archaeologists in Naddniprianshchyna region during the second half of the 19th – 30s of the 20th century. The research methodology includes the application of a set of the following methods: dialectical, idiographic, prosopographic, comparative, historical feminology, microhistory, biographical. Inductive and deductive methods have been also used to reconstruct certain historical phenomena according to historical sources. The scientific novelty of the current scientific article consists in the implementation of a comprehensive general analysis of historical sources on the development issue of Ukrainian archeology in the second half of the 19th – 30s of the 20th century in the context of women’s history. Historical sources have been clearly systematized. The classification of sources according to the method of recording information has been applied as the most optimal. Analytical criticism of each group of sources has been carried out, the level of scientific significance and reliability of each group of sources has been determined. A chief focus is on the source base specificity of the current issue. A brief review of the researched sources has been carried out in central and regional archives. Conclusions. It has been determined that the specificity of the source base of the issue of women’s entry into the archaeological science of Ukraine is the use of a huge number of sources of a personal origin (ego-sources) – memoirs, archaeological diaries and reports, epistolary materials, etc. It has been found that the most optimal classification for the study of sources on the issue is the classification by the method of recording information, according to which the studied sources are divided into oral and written. Such a variety of oral sources as an interview, which is actively used in the framework of oral history to obtain oral testimony about a specific event or a specific historical personality, has been studied. The analysis of the interview text with candidate of historical sciences, a senior researcher of the Institute of Archeology V.M. Korpusova, who for a long time was a personal laboratory assistant of the famous female archaeologist M. I. Viazmitina, has been carried out.

Key words: archeology, women’s history, archaeological excavations, ego-sources, epistolary
materials, memoirs, clerical sources, interviews, cartographic sources, scientific value of historical
sources.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF STEPPE TAVRIYA OF THE END OF THE 19th AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURIES

Oleksandr TRYGUB — 2024-03-28

The development of agrarian education in the southern Ukrainian region is still among the understudied topics, since there has not been done a comprehensive and sufficiently complete study nowadays, and the available researches are fragmentary and leave a significant number of gaps to the historical studies. The purpose of the research is to highlight the agricultural education formation of the Ukrainian peasantry in Steppe Tavriya, to determine the role of educational institutions of an agricultural profile in the education system of the region. The methodology of the research is based on a positivist approach to the reconstruction of the historical past using special historical methods: chronological, systematic, and historical comparative. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the coverage of the pre-Soviet history of an agricultural education of the Ukrainian peasantry of Steppe Tavriya through the prism of educational institutions establishment, their financing, the formation of ideas about student and teacher teams, which testified to the peasant nature of agricultural education in the region. The Conclusions. The local self-government bodies and private initiative played a key role in the development of educational institutions of an agrarian profile in the lands of Steppe Tavriya. Owing to their energy on the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries two leading agricultural schools appeared, which trained agricultural specialists until the beginning of the 21st century – the Obitochenska and the Lukianivska lower agricultural schools of the 1st category. These schools can be called “peasant” schools, because 2/3 of their student contingent consisted of peasants from surrounding counties, who wanted to escape from the shackles of not large plots of land and hopelessness. Free education, availability of scholarship programmes for a full board and the support of local patrons attracted even the poorest peasant youth to study there. On the other hand, the requirement to study agricultural science, a large share of a practical component in education, working in the field without days off led to the fact that only a third completed their studies (25% of the entrants of the Lukianivska school, and 39% of the Obitochenska school).

Key words: agricultural education, Tavriya hubernia, agricultural school, education of peasants,
professional education, agriculture.

FORMATION OF A NEW MODEL OF RATIONAL AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT BY YEVHEN CHYKALENKO

Mariya ROHOZHA — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to elucidate a personal experience of an efficient agriculture management by Yevhen Chykalenko based on the advanced technologies of the industrial relations organization at the time and conveying it to rural agriculturers. The research methodology is based on a scientific basis with the application of the following research principles: historical reliability, objectivity, systematicity, scientific comprehensiveness, complexity, multifactoriality. The folowing research methods have been applied: general scientific – analytical, synthetic and logical; historical – problem chronological, comparative historical, historical genetic, retrospective and periodization; interdisciplinary – structural systemic, source and terminological analysis. The goal achievement was due to a complex use of the research principles and methods in combination with sources. The Scientific Novelty. On the basis of the involved array of sources and newly discovered publications, the application of current methodological approaches, the system of factors that formed Yevhen Chykalenko as a multifaceted personality has been highlighted; the periods of life that consistently formed his national consciousness have been researched. There have been determined the reasons for Yevhen Chykalenko’s search of a new model of agriculture management, its transformation into a highly profitable one. Emphasis has been put on his activity in the Ukrainian agriculture general development. The Conclusions. Due to the study on Yevhen Chykalenko’s formation of a new model of a rational agricultural management, it was possible to spot an extraordinary personality in many activities. Our idea is the following: his reformation of an agricultural activity in the economy and introduction into labour and economic relations of the share management set him apart from the mass of landowners, he is not recepted as a typical landowner, since the estate was managed by a specially trained manager. Prykazhchyky (a hired employee who supervised some part of a farm, performed various economic tasks or managed the farm) in their turn, provided a daily communication with the peasants tenants of the land. Earned money in agriculture was spent on public affairs, charity, publishing and journalistic activities, cultural promotion (in Ger. – Kulturträger) in agriculture.

THE PERIODICAL “RILLYA” (1910 – 1914) FOR SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL AREA: CONTENT ANALYSIS

Svіtlana NYZHNYK — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to clarify the thematic content for the scientific and educational space on the pages of the Ukrainian-language agricultural illustrated periodical “Rillya” (1910 – 1914) at the beginning of the 20th century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and source studies methods, in particular the method of internal criticism of sources. There have been applied the methods of comparison of various publications related to the periodical “Rillya”, which have survived to our time and have been included in diverse publications being part of the agricultural periodical during different historical periods. Owing to the application of methodological tools, in particular, personalization, multifactoriality and interdependence of the historical and logical connection, the development of agricultural research in Ukraine has been highlighted at the beginning of the 20th century. The Scientific Novelty. The analysis of the Ukrainian-language periodical “Rillya” (1910 – 1914) as a historical source was carried out and the significance for the study of the history of agricultural science and education at the beginning of the 20th century was shown for the first time. The Conclusions. The Ukrainian-language agricultural illustrated periodical “Rillya” is an extremely valuable source for researching the scientific and educational space of Ukraine. The publications of the periodical can be divided into several thematic areas. One of the defining ones was the one that contained the author’s publications about farming, cattle breeding, grass sowing, gardening, horticulture, beekeeping and other branches of agriculture. The key issues for farming were described in detail: “Wherewith and How to Fertilize a Field in Kyiv Region and Podillya”, “Fodder Carrots in Winter”, “Replanting of Winter Crops”, “How to Clean Wheat From Slag”, “Something About Weeds and the Fight Against Them” etc. The reasons for the decrease in the yield of agricultural crops and the deterioration of soil fertility have been singled out. It has been determined that a large part of the publications on the pages of the periodical “Rillya” were addressed to landowners and farmers, primarily agronomic assistance and legislative materials. There are a number of scholars known in Ukraine and in the world among the authors of scientific and practical texts (A. Ternychenko, P. Havsevych, V. Yavorskyi, Ye. Arkhypenko, M. Lutskevych, F. Kryzhanovskyi, Ye. Chykalenko, O. Yanata, etc.), who became a kind of link between science and production. Most of the information on the pages of the periodical “Rillya” was dedicated to societies, primarily agronomic. The areas of activity, the structure and peculiarities of the functioning of societies, their contribution to the popularization of agricultural knowledge and the development of scientific affairs in Ukraine were revealed at the beginning of the 20th century. It was found that the members of such associations were well-known public figures, philanthropists, publicists, agronomists, mostly enthusiasts. They promoted professional and fiction literature in their native language, national periodicals, and supported important Ukrainian initiatives. We consider the materials and notes devoted to the cooperation issues in the countryside to be valuable. The editors’ focus was on issues of development and popularization of agricultural science and practice in foreign countries.

ENTRY TO WORLD WAR I: HISTORICAL TIME AND EVERYDAY ASPECTS (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF ZHYTOMYR)

Tymofiy GERASYMOV — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is a new historical and temporal interpretation of the problem of the society entry into World War I based on the analysis of an everyday life of Zhytomyr population. The research methodology is based on observance of scientific knowledge fundamental principles of dialectics and determinism and general scientific principles of historicism and objectivity made it possible to comprehensively consider the problem of city residents’ reception of events and phenomena related to upcoming and beginning of World War I. Owing to the interdisciplinary approach, the peculiarities of a social behaviour of society under specific historical conditions have been elucidated. The application of a historical and genetic method made it possible to highlight the regularities of the city’s population mood before and after August 1, 1914. The scientific novelty consists in the conceptualization issue of “entry into the war” using the example of the history of Zhytomyr before and at the beginning of World War I. Conclusions. On August 1, 1914, the population of Zhytomyr faced a new objective reality – the beginning of World War I. The reaction of Zhytomyr population to this event corresponded to a standard behaviour of the society in similar circumstances: a strong emotional excitement that had signs of a collective psychosis, militant cheer-patriotism combined with panicked moods, an instinctive desire to stock up on basic necessities. At the same time, the analysis of the pre-war moods of the city’s residents indicated a noticeable presence of the feeling of an inevitable upcoming war in their minds. That is, we can say that at that moment the war began to become part of reality, although still at the level of a subjective reception. In this context, the issue remains open regarding the completion of the process of society’s entry into war, which, according to the authors, is defined by the time of society’s adaptation to wartime, until it became an everyday norm. This necessitates a further research on the issue.

CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES AND EPIDEMICS DURING THE INTER-WAR PERIOD IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR: CAUSES, NATURE, ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME

Inna SHUGALYOVA — 2024-03-28

Our research is devoted to the correlation between the government’s declared care of children and the situation regarding child health protection in Soviet Ukraine during the Inter-War Period. We pursue to characterise epidemiologic status, determine the infection rate among children, ascertain reasons for worsening epidemiologic conditions, as well as define the efficacy of government measures directed towards their elimination. First of all, governments of civilised countries have to care about their citizens and children’s health. For this reason, the slogan “A healthy family is a happy country” was formed and popularised in modern times. Therefore, we have attempted to do the research on the efficacy and impactfulness of the communist regime regarding children, who lived on the occupied by Bolsheviks territories in the newly created pseudo-state of the Ukrainian socialist soviet republic, how objective communist slogans about “happy soviet childhood” appeared to be. Methodology of the Research. There have been applied general scientific methods of research – analysis, synthesis, the principle of historical approach, and also used interdisciplinary methods: psychology and medicine. Scientific Novelty. For the first time, the study found out the reasons for the deterioration of the epidemiological situation in the Ukrainian SSR. It was determined which epidemics spread from among children and the causes of diseases were indicated. We came to the conclusion that the epidemiological situation among children during the interwar period was extremely unsatisfactory. The reasons were both objective in nature: the consequences of World War I, the mass artificial famine of 1921 – 1923, and purely subjective: the communist officials were unable to create an effective system of medical care for children, to organize the vaccination process. The Holodomor of 1932 – 1933 became a genocide. The Holodomor took millions of victims. The children, exhausted by starvation, were unable to resist diseases and infections. Organized by the Bolshevik communist regime, the Holodomor became the aggravating factor that prevented millions of children from living full lives. The authorities not only failed to save the children by providing the necessary medical care, vaccinations, and medicines. On the contrary, the communists used the Holodomor as a scourge to destroy disobedient Ukrainians and their children.

Key words: children, diseases, epidemics, Holodomor, genocide.

THE UKRAINIAN-LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE IN EDUCATIONAL SPHERE OF VOLHYNIA VOIVODESHIP (1921 – 1939)

Valentyna DOBROCHYNSKA — 2024-03-28

The spread of Ukrainian educational content in the educational space of Volhynia Voivodeship has been analysed and its influence on the formation of national self-awareness, moral and ethical values among a young generation has been elucidated. The purpose of the research is to analyse the variety and content of the Ukrainian-language educational literature at state and private schools, as well as extracurricular education during the interwar period in Volhynia. The methodology of the research consists of the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematicity, and scientificity. The method of analysis and synthesis has been applied. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time the practice of using the Ukrainian-language educational literature in the educational sphere of Volhynia Voivodeship has been researched; the ways of the Ukrainian-language books distribution among readers have been clarified; there has been analysed the content of the Ukrainian-language educational literature; an attempt has been made to determine a collective portrait of the authors of Ukrainian-language educational literature. The Conclusions. Native language didactic literature played an important role in preserving the national identity of the Ukrainians, which was a source of knowledge and patriotic education in the educational sphere of Volhynia Voivodeship. At state primary school, textbooks written in the Ukrainian language were used, but with an assimilative educational content. The use of the Ukrainian-language educational literature at private schools and an extracurricular environment confirmed the national worldview of youth through the study of the Ukrainian language and literature, their own history and geography, as well as the foundations of the Orthodox religion. School libraries, private bookstores, cultural and educational institutions were filled with the Ukrainian-language books owing to income from publishing houses and the “Native School” society. The authors of the Ukrainian-language school literature of the interwar period were the Ukrainian intellectual elite, mainly Galicians. Common features of a collective portrait of the authors are their pedagogical work, social activities and experience of an active participation in the Ukrainian national liberation movement. It was these common biographical guidelines that became decisive in the Ukrainian-language educational literature.

“THE UKRAINIAN WOMEN’S UNION” IN RIVNE (1926 – 1938): STRUCTURE, PUBLIC ACTIVITIES, RELATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT

Ruslana DAVYDYUK — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research. The article highlights the emergence, forms of activity, and circumstances of the women’s organization “The Ukrainian Women’s Union” winding up with its centre in Rivne and its branches in the territory of Volyn Voivodeship. It has been determined that the women’s organization represented the socio-political and socio-cultural practices of women in Western Volyn. The methodology of the research is based on historical cultural, chronological methods, as well as methods of analysis and systematization, which made it possible to consider the conditions for the women’s organization emergence, its relations with the Polish authorities, forms of work and significance to the national self-awareness of the local Ukrainian population. The method of prosopography has been applied in order to find out the names of the women’s organization members. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact that the archival documents and interwar periodicals were found and researched, which made it possible to elucidate the peculiarities of the programme principles, forms of work, relations with the Polish authorities of “The Ukrainian Women’s Union” with its centre in Rivne, and to find out the names of the Ukrainian women activists. The Conclusions. In the first half of the 1920s activation of the women’s movement in Western Volyn was associated with the women’s section emergence at povits “Prosvita”, and later on with the women’s organization functioning – “The Ukrainian Women’s Union” with its centre in Rivne and its branches, the foundators of which were the local Ukrainian women and political emigrants of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. As a result of the Polish authorities ban on the Galician-Volyn women’s organization establishment, “The Ukrainian Women’s Union” in Rivne extended its influence only to Volyn Voivodeship, establishing a number of departments. “The Ukrainian Womens’ Union” in Rivne was aimed at the national activity, the organization kept in touch with “The Ukrainian Women’s Union” in Galicia, which led to persecution by the Polish authorities. Under conditions of the “Volhynia Experiment” brought in by Henryk Józewski and the idea of the “Sokal border” in opposition to “The Ukrainian Women’s Union” in Rivne, a pro-government women’s organization “The Ukrainian Women’s Union of Public Work” was founded in Lutsk as its centre. The situation, internal contradictions, as well as the passivity of a part of women, led to the final winding up of The Ukrainian Women’s Union.

STEPAN SHAKH’S ACTIVITIES AS THE DIRECTOR OF THE PRZEMYŚL STATE GYMNASIUM (1932 – 1939)

Yurii KOVALIV — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the article is to analyse the activities of Stepan Shakh as the director of the Przemyśl State Gymnasium, to outline the main areas of the school administration under his chairmanship. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, the use of general scientific (generalization, typology) and special scientific research methods, in particular comparative and historical, historical and systemic, critical analysis of sources. The Scientific Novelty of the Research. On the basis of a complex analysis of the memories of the figures who worked and studied at the Przemyśl Gymnasium during the outlined period, the main directions of Stepan Shakh's administrative work as the director of the educational institution have been highlighted. In particular, the main reorganization steps in connection with the reform of school education have been defined. The focus is on the development of cultural and educational, national and sports life of students. Based on the studied materials of the press and historiography, the authors came to the conclusions: Stepan Shakh, as the director of the Przemyśl Gymnasium, managed to establish the educational process in accordance with the school education reforms of the 1930s. The director responded to the challenges of the times and introduced a number of innovations related to the professional and technical specialization of education (opened workshops, driving courses, etc.), continued the development of traditional educational areas. The head of the gymnasium cooperated with the Ukrainian public figures of the region, the society of parents and graduates, who supported charitable initiatives, cultural, sports and spiritual life of the gymnasium students

THE UKRAINIAN QUESTION IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC AT THE TURN OF 1938 – 1939

Oleksandr PAHIRIA — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the proposed article is to elucidate the role and place of the Ukrainian issue in the foreign policy of the Second Polish Republic at the turn of 1938 – 1939, in particular its relations with Germany, the USSR, and Romania. The study of Poland’s foreign policy in 1938 – 1939 is central to understanding the dynamics of international processes in East-Central Europe on the eve of World War II. After all, the fate of peace on the continent ultimately hinged upon Warsaw’s relations with Berlin, Moscow, London, and Paris. The background of these relations was the Ukrainian issue, which entered a new stage of its internationalization in the wake of the “Czechoslovak crisis” and the emergence of Carpatho-Ukraine as a factor in international politics. The formation of Ukrainian autonomy south of the Carpathians in October of 1938 exposed the Ukrainian issue on a global scale as the largest unresolved national issue in interwar Europe. In 1938 – 1939, Subcarpathian Rus’/Carpatho-Ukraine turned into a geopolitical frontier, a zone of conflict of interests of key European players (Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Great Britain, France, Italy). The research methodology is based on the approach of “histoire croisée”, “entangled history” and “connected history”, as subspecies of global history. This approach, in our opinion, serves as an effective means of integrating the Ukrainian history into a global historical context, giving the national metanarrative features of inclusiveness. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author tried, based on a wide range of published and unpublished archival documents, to comprehensively reveal the role of the Ukrainian issue in the foreign policy of the Second Polish Republic against the background of international relations during the turning point in the history of interwar Europe. The Conclusions. It has been established that the post-Munich period of international relations was marked by the actualization of the Ukrainian issue in European politics, the impetus for which gave the formation of Carpathian Ukraine as an autonomous unit within the Second Czecho-Slovak Republic. At the turn of 1938 – 1939, the Ukrainian issue became a central topic on the agenda of the Polish diplomacy, which was an important factor in its relations with Germany, the USSR, Romania, and Czecho-Slovakia. The balance of power in the east of the continent, the state of relations between them, and ultimately the fate of peace and war in Europe depended largely on the attitude of the key subjects of international relations to the Ukrainian issue. The period of 1938 – 1939 was marked by the active rapprochement of Poland and Germany against the background of the dismemberment of Czecho-Slovakia and Berlin’s determined efforts to draw Warsaw into its orbit of influence in order to form a military and political alliance against the USSR. In the bilateral German-Polish negotiations, the Ukrainian issue appeared as a certain “bait” and “bargaining chip” that the Nazis actively traded, hoping to attract Poland to their side to realize their long-term goals in the East. Despite the existence of a pro-German wing among the Polish ruling camp, which advocated cooperation with the Third Reich in solving the Ukrainian issue and a joint campaign against the USSR in the spirit of the concept of Prometheism, the Polish diplomacy led by Józef Beck at the beginning of 1939 rejected German demands and gradually took a course towards resumption of cooperation with Western democracies – Great Britain and France. At the same time, at least until the end of March 1939, there was still room for the German-Polish negotiations, in which the Ukrainian issue ceased to play a leading role.

KHARKIV OFFENSIVE OPERATION (MAY 12–17, 1942): MISCALCULATIONS IN THE OPERATIONAL COMMAND

Leonid KRYVYZIUK — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research – to do study on the organization of preparation for an offensive operation and the subsequent influence on the conduct of an offensive operation under difficult conditions of the following components: the interaction organization of large formations during the offensive, the use of troops and large mobile formations in a frontal offensive operation, the material support of troops under the conditions of an offensive with bridgeheads. The research methodology is based on the principles of historical knowledge (scientism, historicism, objectivity, systemic analysis), as well as on the use of a set of methods: dialectical, analytical, historical, biographical, comparative. The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in the comprehensive analysis of the process of preparing and conducting an offensive front operation with the use of four tank corps, which is due to the absence in the domestic historiography of special historical generalizing works on the specified subject within the specified chronological limits. An objective assessment of the offensive operation significance of the South-Western Front has been given, as an example of unsuccessful actions for the development of military art in the operations of the German-Soviet war and its negative impact on the course of further military events in 1942. The Conclusions. The main reason for the tragedy is that the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command (actually Joseph Stalin) agreed to conduct an offensive operation at the insistence of the Military Council of the South-Western direction (SWD). A characteristic feature of management was the combination of functions: the Commander-in-Chief and his chief of staff of the South-Western direction were simultaneously the commander and chief of staff of the South-Western Front, respectively. This is a vivid example of incompetent military leadership. This incompetence gave a negative result, the actions of the SWF were carried out in isolation from the Southern Front (SF), as during the preparation, and especially during the operation. The main shortcoming of the overall planning of the offensive of the troops on the SWD was the lack of a proper operational support of the SWF strike group from the south by the SF forces. This was influenced by significant shortcomings made during the preparation and implementation of the operation.

HYBRID WAR AS AN TOOL OF FOREIGN POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THE UKRAINIAN DIMENSION (1991 – 2023)

Olena BILICHAK — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is the need to clarify the hybrid aggression periodization of the Russian Federation (RF) against Ukraine and to substantiate the scientific hypothesis that the start of its implementation was directly linked to the change in the state-political course of the newly proclaimed Ukrainian state in 1991. The scientific research is also aimed at studying the system of means concerning the hybrid influence of the Russian Federation on the state and political life of Ukraine, to develop general recommendations regarding the choice of directions for organized countermeasures to this kind of aggression. The Methodology of the Research. In order to achieve the set goal, a complex of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modelling) and special (content analysis, historical genetic, historical legal, historical typological, historical systemic, retrospective) methods of cognition have been used. The Scientific Novelty. For the first time there have been presented the results of a comprehensive scientific study of the historical and political aspects of Russia’s conduct of a hybrid war against Ukraine. The prerequisites, which contributed to the hybrid war deployment have been analysed, the means and methods of its conduct have been elucidated, and recommendations have been formulated for the development of a system of collective resistance to this kind of aggression. It has been proven that the first “attacks” of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine began after the declaration of Ukrainian independence. The Conclusion. The hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine began from the time of its declaration of independence and the creation of a sovereign state, intensified after the Revolution of Dignity, as a result of the mass expression of the will of the people of Ukraine regarding the choice of the geopolitical path of the development of their country, and turned into an open war in 2022. Taking into account the events related to the Russian invasion of 2022, it can be argued that, in addition to Ukraine, victims of the hybrid influence of the Russian Federation are also other states of the post-Soviet camp, in particular Belarus, from whose territory the Russian troops entered the territory of Ukraine in 2022, and there was missile shelling and drone attacks. Moldova is also a victim of the hybrid war of the Russian Federation, within which the political situation is currently actively shaking up with the aim of removing the current political leaders from power and replacing them with the pro-Russian ones, simultaneously with threats about the participation of the Russian troops in the event of an escalation of the conflict with the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. Mass protests in Georgia, which recently have taken place due to the adoption of the law on foreign agents by the Georgian parliament, against the background of a gradual change in the country's political course towards the collapse of democracy and rapprochement with Russia, are also a direct sign of the Russian hybrid influence. Finally, the results of the vote of the UN General Assembly on February 23, 2023 regarding the resolution calling on Russia to stop the hostilities and withdraw its troops from Ukraine, and among the countries that abstained were Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajykystan, and Uzbekystan, show that the front of the hybrid war waged by the Russian Federation is extremely broad. The results of Russia's hybrid influence on the state life and politics of individual countries pose a threat to international security and destroy the world legal order.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN UKRAINE IN THE 1990s: THE SOVIET MODEL REJECTION, REFORM FEATURES

Anatoliy KALYAYEV — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to elucidate a local self-government formation in Ukraine in the 1990s, to find out the issues of the Soviet model governance transformation into the European-style democratic structures. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of systematicity, specific historical approach, historical systemic and historical typological methods. The above-mentioned applied methods made it possible to single out the specifics of Ukraine’s sovereignty formation, development and power structures democratization. The analysis of the “local self-government” category has been carried out using a logical method, which made it possible to reveal the objective patterns of this phenomenon development. In addition, there have been applied the following methods: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative, structural functional, and generalization. The Scientific Novelty. The processes of a local self-government formation in Ukraine in the 1990s have been studied for the first time, and transformation issues of the Soviet model of governance into the European-style democratic structures have been revealed. The Conclusions. The study on a local self-government institutionalization has proved the relationship with the processes of de-Sovietization and decentralization of public power in Ukraine at the transitional stage of the state formation. In the article there has been traced the relationship between the institution of a local self-government formation in Ukraine and the power vertical de-Sovietization processes. Changes in local self-government began during the last years of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR existence. However, a full development of municipal democracy took place after the adoption of Declaration on Independence of Ukraine. Local state administrations were established, which aimed at unifying the management system under the conditions of economic crisis and significant political disagreements between the President and Parliament. The conclusion of the Constitutional Treaty was an attempt to overcome the political crisis and balance attempts to centralize power by the President. The document laid the foundations for the constitutional approval of a local self-government. The adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine and relevant legislation in the following years was decisive for the further development of democracy and local self-government development, which basically combined democratic postulates and post-socialist centrism characteristic of this period.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL DISCOURSES OF UKRAINE (the beginning of the 21st century)

Lіubov SHEPTYTSKA — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to study the development level of a social entrepreneurship at the current stage in Ukraine, to highlight further prospects for its development, reveal scientific and social views on theoretical and practical aspects of social entrepreneurship as a new phenomenon and tendency in economy. Methodology of the Research. To achieve this goal, general scientific and special scientific principles and methods have been applied, as well as the principles of verification, scientific pluralism, systematicity and consistency. The Scientific Novelty. Considering a significant interest in the problem of a social entrepreneurship issue, which can be traced in modern foreign and domestic historiography, there is the need not only to consider theoretical concepts, but also practical aspects of a social entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, the hostilities in Ukraine, the introduction of martial law had an impact on a rapid growth of the number of socially vulnerable population groups, absence or a significant weakening of their social protection mechanisms. Therefore, a social entrepreneurship with its socio-practical orientation is capable of helping to partially or completely solve the problems of socially vulnerable population groups. It is worth noting that the study of the dynamics of a social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine, especially in recent years, is an urgent issue. In particular, in the Ukrainian and foreign historiography the main approaches to the interpretation of the term “social entrepreneurship” have been covered, the development dynamics of this type of entrepreneurial activity has been traced, and the key problems that need to be resolved have been outlined in order to increase the number and quality of changes in a social entrepreneurship effectively. The Conclusions. A social entrepreneurship is a type of enterprise in which, in addition to a commercial component, solution of certain social problems is provided. However, tendencies in the contemporary English-language historiography suggest a broader definition, i.e. the idea of the so-called hybrid organization, which offers not only opportunities for a financial enrichment, but also responsibility in the social sphere. It has been determined that from the 1990s to 2022, a positive dynamics of growth in the number of this type of an entrepreneurial activity can be observed in Ukraine. However, due to financial difficulties, a large part of them continue to hire workers unofficially. In Ukraine, a social entrepreneurship, in addition to financial difficulties, faces an insufficient level of grant support (the main help is given by foreign investors), in particular domestic funds, organizations, including the public sector. Legislative regulation of this type of an entrepreneurial activity also requires further development.

Key words: social entrepreneurship in Ukraine, social business, sociality.

CIVIL SOCIETY OF UKRAINE DURING THE YEARS OF THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: CHALLENGES, VALUE ORIENTATIONS (2014 – 2024)

Natalia KRAVETS — 2024-03-28

The purpose of the research is to clarify the main trends in the civil society organizations development in Ukraine, in particular, the volunteer movement, charitable organizations, nongovernmental (public organizations). Research Methodology. In the article there has been used an analytical approach to a retrospective analysis of the activities of non-governmental organizations in
the society. The research is also based on the principles of systematicity, a concrete historical approach,
a historical and systemic method. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in
historical sciences, the formation of a civil society in Ukraine has been elucidated through the prism of
challenges that arose in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war of 2014 – 2024.
The Conclusions. After 2014, the Ukrainian civil society, responding to civilizational challenges
and threats to the country’s territorial integrity, qualitatively increased its influence and helped
maintain the country’s defense capabilities. Civil institutions become a driving force in the processes
of establishing interaction between the authorities and citizens. A multifaceted support is provided by
civil institutions (assistance in forced relocation from occupied settlements, a further care of internally
relocated people, legal consultations, a psychological support, material subsidies, support to those communities that will remain in the front-line territories, occupied and de-occupied regions) plays a significant role in countering disinformation, fixing the crimes of the Russian Federation, restoring the
housing stock. Civil society organizations enjoy a lot of trust among the population and foreign funds,
and owing to them, it is possible to accumulate a significant amount of funds from donations to solve
both large-scale and specific requests of the Armed Forces, volunteer units.
During the full-scale invasion actualization of the grassroots public level proved that the Ukrainian
civil society is capable of responding to crises quickly. Instead, a significant challenge for the further effective activity of these organizations is the problem of cooperation between organizations and funds, an effective distribution of financial resources, and maintenance of a stable level of activity.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESSES IN THE WESTERN REGION OF THE UkrSSR IN 1964 – 1991 (peer review of the monograph: Malyarchuk O. M. Socio-economic Processes in the Western Region of the Ukrainian SSR (1964 – 1991): monograph. 2nd ed., revised and supplemented. Ivano-Frankivsk: Symphony Forte, 2023. 552 p.

Volodymyr BARAN — 2024-03-28

peer review of the monograph: Malyarchuk O. M. Socio-economic Processes in the Western Region of the Ukrainian SSR (1964 – 1991): monograph. 2nd ed., revised and supplemented. Ivano-Frankivsk: Symphony Forte, 2023. 552 p.

RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: A VIEW OF A CONTEMPORARY (peer review of the book by Volodymyr Viatrovych. Our Century. Short Essays on the Long War. Kharkiv: Ranok, 2023. 256 p. (“History” Series))

Solomiya HNOT — 2024-03-28

peer review of the book by Volodymyr Viatrovych. Our Century. Short Essays on the Long War. Kharkiv: Ranok, 2023. 256 p. (“History” Series)